{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T03:39:13Z","timestamp":1776137953599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>Low-income tropical regions, such as Haiti, grapple with environmental issues stemming from inadequate sanitation infrastructure for fecal sludge management. This study scrutinizes on-site sanitation systems in these regions, evaluating their environmental impacts and pinpointing improvement opportunities. The focus is specifically on systems integrating excreta valorization through composting and\/or anaerobic digestion. Each system encompasses toilet access, evacuation, and sludge treatment. A comparative life cycle assessment was undertaken, with the functional unit managing one ton of excreta in Haiti over a year. Six scenarios representing autonomous sanitation systems were devised by combining three toilet types (container-based toilets (CBTs), ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, and flush toilets (WC)) with two sludge treatment processes (composting and biomethanization). Biodigester-based systems exhibited 1.05 times higher sanitary impacts and 1.03 times higher ecosystem impacts than those with composters. Among toilet types, CBTs had the lowest impacts, followed by VIP latrines, with WCs having the highest impacts. On average, WC scenarios were 3.85 times more impactful than VIP latrines and 4.04 times more impactful than those with CBTs regarding human health impact. Critical variables identified include the use of toilet paper, wood shavings, greenhouse gas emissions, and construction materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2024.184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T14:01:21Z","timestamp":1717682481000},"page":"3237-3251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative life cycle assessment of excreta management systems through composting and biomethanization: Case of a low-income tropical country"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7935-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davidson","family":"Jean-Baptiste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"b Faculty of Science, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00c9tat d'Ha\u00efti, Port-au-Prince, Ha\u00efti"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0952-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Monette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C1","first-page":"419","article-title":"Economic and environmental analysis of standard, high efficiency, rainwater flushed, and composting toilets","volume":"92","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.062","article-title":"Conceptual environmental impact assessment of a novel self-sustained sanitation system incorporating a quantitative microbial risk assessment approach","volume":"639","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C3","first-page":"279","article-title":"Probabilistic life cycle assessment of the nano membrane toilet","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.03.250","article-title":"A review of recycling of human excreta to energy through biogas generation: Indonesia case","volume":"68","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.11.016","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of ecological sanitation system for small-scale wastewater treatment","volume":"407","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.229","article-title":"LCA data quality: A management science perspective","volume":"156","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-019-01583-0","article-title":"IMPACT world + : A globally regionalized life cycle impact assessment method","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment"},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C8","unstructured":"Butin\n            C.\n          , GillotS., HeduitA., MurI., RischE. & RouxP.2011Mod\u00e8le ACV \u2013 Fili\u00e8re de traitement des eaux us\u00e9es par Boues Activ\u00e9es (BA) Rapports d'ACV et donn\u00e9es d'inventaire (LCA Model \u2013 Wastewater Treatment Process by Activated Sludge, LCA Reports and Inventory Data) (No. Rapport d\u2019\u00e9tape). Cemagref\/ONEMA, France."},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fiche technique \u2013 Dispositions constructives pour une toilette \u00e0 fosse simple ventil\u00e9e: Exemple de dispositif r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en Ha\u00efti (Technical Sheet \u2013 Construction Guidelines for a Ventilated Single-Pit Latrine: Example of a Device Implemented in Haiti)","volume-title":"R\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel Technique National EPA, R\u00e9publique D'Ha\u00efti\u202f: Fascicule Technique","author":"DINEPA, OIEau, UNICEF","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024062815512932500_WST-D-24-00270C10","unstructured":"Fabulous toilettes\n          2016\n          Fabrication d'une toilette s\u00e8che (Manufacturing of a Dry Toilet). Fabulous Toilettes. 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P.\n          , BauerC., HischierR., MutelC., NemecekT., ReinhardJ., VadenboC. O. & WernetG.2013Overview and Methodology. Data Quality Guideline for the Ecoinvent Database Version 3 (Ecoinvent Report No. 1 v3). 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