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Incorporating time-varying flow boundary conditions and atmospheric forcing, the model was calibrated against observed state variables, including water temperatures, basin hydraulic characteristics, and dye concentrations monitored at the outlet for six tracer studies conducted under varying flow and atmospheric conditions when submersed aquatic vegetation was mostly absent from the basin. EFDC reasonably reproduced observed basin internal hydraulics, temperatures, and mass transport dynamics, with mean absolute relative errors ranging from 0.02 to 16.3%. Sensitivity analyses suggest that wind shear exerts the greatest control on the modeled, and by extension observed, RTD for this system, primarily affecting measures of short-circuiting and, to a lesser degree, basin-wide mixing, particularly in the absence of atmospheric thermal forcing. Thermal forcing was found to significantly influence short-circuiting and mixing during warmer periods, with this effect being highly influenced by wind. Transient flows nominally influenced most RTD characteristics, save for mean and median residence times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2025.043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T15:17:03Z","timestamp":1741965423000},"page":"827-849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Numerical simulation of the residence time distribution dynamics of a restored agricultural wetland under varying environmental conditions"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9343-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall 2200 Osborn Dr, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Crumpton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall 2200 Osborn Dr, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2009.087"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2008.267"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-3","article-title":"Discharge measurements at gaging stations","volume-title":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey","author":"Buchanan","year":"1969"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-4","unstructured":"Cole T. M. & Wells S. A. (2003) CE-QUAL-W2: A two-Dimensional, Laterally Averaged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 3.1. Instruction Report EL-03-1. Vicksburg, MS, USA: US Army Engineering and Research Development Center."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.20061"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/BJECC\/2013\/3516"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-7","unstructured":"Eeling J. (2019) Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Submersed Macrophytes and Water Temperatures in Shallow Flow-Through Wetlands. Master's thesis, Ames, IA, USA: Iowa State University."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-8","volume-title":"Mixing in Natural Waters","author":"Fischer","year":"1979"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2010.02.001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-10","unstructured":"Green D. I. (2016) Environmental Factors Affecting the Residence Time Distribution Dynamics of Constructed Agricultural Wetlands. PhD dissertation, Ames, IA, USA: Iowa State University."},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03480.x"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.043-12","unstructured":"Hamrick J. M. (1992) A Three-Dimensional Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code: Theoretical and Computational Aspects. 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