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Methanol, the projected option, is fossil-based and contributes to indirect greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluated a volatile fatty acid (VFA)-based fermentate produced from primary sludge and food waste in a 2 m3 mesophilic fermenter as a carbon source for denitrification. The filtrated fermentate was tested as carbon source in both batch denitrification tests and pilot-scale MBR (4.5 m3\/h), where it was dosed for 70 days, replacing glycerol currently used at Henriksdal and Henriksdals WWTP. In batch tests, the fermentate achieved a 40% higher denitrification rate than glycerol. Pilot trials showed a 30% higher denitrification rate and 50% lower carbon consumption while maintaining effluent concentration below 3 mg NO3- -N\/L. Microbial analysis revealed no significant community changes with the carbon source transition, indicating effective VFA uptake by existing microorganisms. Full-scale projections suggested that replacing methanol would require 10% of the plant's primary sludge plus food waste. Although this sludge use would reduce biogas production, methane potential tests showed that recycling of the fermentate solid fraction would result in only 2% lower biogas production, representing a minor trade-off.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2025.086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1750853533000},"page":"139-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Replacing methanol with internally produced VFA-based carbon source for denitrification at the Henriksdal WWTP"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3619-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Carranza Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Environmental Technology, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallav\u00e4gen 81, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"b Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas All\u00e9 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5589-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andriy","family":"Malovanyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Environmental Technology, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallav\u00e4gen 81, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0807-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhijeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas All\u00e9 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"c Palaeobiology, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villav\u00e4gen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"d Department of Molecular Sciences, BioCenter, SLU, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Baresel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Environmental Technology, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallav\u00e4gen 81, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Environmental Technology, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallav\u00e4gen 81, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Stark-Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e Stockholm Vatten och Avfall, Bryggeriv\u00e4gen 10, 168 67 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0038-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Schn\u00fcrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Molecular Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas All\u00e9 8, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.086-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2009.07.011"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.086-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28293"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.086-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2023.240"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.086-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2008.02.008"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wst.2025.086-5","unstructured":"Andersson S. 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