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Solvent-based absorption is the most mature technology but faces high energy demands and environmental impacts. Conventional amines such as MEA require high regeneration energy (3.5\u20134.0 GJ\/tCO2) and degrade over time. Emerging solutions like ionic liquids, blended amines, and phase-change solvents promise improved efficiency and stability. This review links molecular-level solvent design with techno-economic performance to overcome commercialization barriers. It identifies critical gaps, including the absence of standardized life cycle and techno-economic assessments for next-generation solvents. Furthermore, molecular innovations are often insufficiently integrated with process or cluster-scale requirements, and scaling advanced materials faces supply chain and operational challenges. Transformative pathways, such as integrated capture\u2013conversion systems, can bypass energy-intensive regeneration. By combining technical, economic, and strategic perspectives, this review provides a roadmap to guide solvent development, prioritize research, reduce deployment risks, and accelerate sustainable carbon management necessary for achieving net-zero targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2026.238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:05:17Z","timestamp":1774433117000},"page":"849-874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular solutions to carbon pollution: innovations, mechanisms, and challenges in solvent-based carbon capture"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Hareef Ahmed","family":"Keerio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, 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