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The article discusses the challenges associated with measuring and mitigating N2O emissions, as well as the importance of understanding the complex pathways through which N2O is produced in wastewater treatment processes. The article places a special focus on the role of modeling tools in enhancing our understanding of N2O emissions and supporting mitigation strategies. Various modeling approaches, including mechanistic models, data-driven models, and integrated computational fluid dynamics-biokinetic models, are discussed in the context of predicting and controlling N2O emissions. Case studies and examples from real-world applications demonstrate the effectiveness of modeling approaches in identifying emission hotspots, optimizing process control strategies, and developing mitigation measures. Overall, the article emphasizes the significance of modeling in addressing the challenges of N2O emissions in the water sector and advancing sustainability goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2026.245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:50:04Z","timestamp":1778586604000},"page":"1195-1213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["N2O Modeling: current solutions and new avenues"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Nerea Uri","family":"Carreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a N118 Consulting, Skt J\u00f8rgens Gade 44k, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Froemelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, \u00dcberlandstrasse 133, D\u00fcbendorf, 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