{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:35:26Z","timestamp":1787510126096,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Image showing mound of fly ash being used to treat water contaminated with heavy metals with various results shown<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Effective, low-cost water treatment approaches are needed to address increasing heavy metal contamination, particularly in the developing world. This study evaluates the use of fly ash, a waste byproduct from coal combustion, as a sustainable adsorbent to remove cadmium (Cd2+), cobalt (Co2+), and lead (Pb2+) from aqueous solutions. Two types of fly ash sourced from different power plants in the southeastern United States were evaluated in this study: Belews Creek fly ash (BFA), which was untreated, and Wateree Station fly ash (WFA), which was processed using a proprietary carbon burnout method. The removal kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model, with equilibrium being achieved within 2 h. The experimental data best fit the Freundlich isotherm model, compared with the Linear isotherm model, suggesting that multilayer adsorption occurred on the fly ash surfaces. The results showed that Pb2+ exhibited the highest removal efficiency for each adsorbent (BFA: 99%; WFA: &amp;gt;99%), followed by Co2+ (BFA: 98%; WFA: 94%) and Cd2+ (BFA: 93%; WFA: 56%). Removal efficiency was influenced by pH and was negatively impacted by increasing ionic strength and total organic carbon content. The findings demonstrate that fly ash is a viable, low-cost alternative for heavy metal removal for use in resource-limited areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2026.264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:26:06Z","timestamp":1777371966000},"page":"1310-1327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Turning waste into a resource: coal fly ash as a sustainable approach for heavy metal removal in contaminated waters"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8053-9924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Civil Engineering, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd., Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5874-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sewoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3255 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060908122182800_WST-D-26-00038C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180932","article-title":"Health risk assessment of oral and dermal exposure to metal-contaminated groundwater: a case study from Hatay, T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"1006","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026060908122182800_WST-D-26-00038C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104665","article-title":"Heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater using bio-adsorbent materials based on agricultural solid wastes through batch and continuous flow mechanisms","volume":"57","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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