{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:57:30Z","timestamp":1781621850941,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/04015-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/04015-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/12895-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/12895-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/233866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/233866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The development of microbial communities within granular-activated carbon (GAC) transforms it into a highly effective biofilter, integrating adsorption and biodegradation processes for contaminant removal. This study evaluated the performance of an O3-biological-activated carbon (BAC)\u2013O3 system for removal of inorganic contaminants and secondary effluents disinfection. The BAC column was packed with 50 cm of commercial GAC, reaching biological stability after approximately 45 days of operation. System efficiency was assessed based on the removal of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl\u2212), and boron (B). A central composite design (CCD) was employed to the treatment process, generating mathematical models, statistically validated, to determine optimal treatment conditions, leading to the selection of an O3 dosage of 4 mg L\u22121 before and after the BAC stage. The system effectiveness was further tested through the removal of nine metals and microbial disinfection. Results confirmed that the O3\u2013BAC process efficiently removed inorganic contaminants, while the additional post-BAC ozonation step was essential for achieving effluent disinfection. The final treated effluent achieved quality standards suitable for non-potable restricted reuse, and its successful application in hydroponic lettuce cultivation demonstrates a promising avenue for sustainable water reuse in controlled agricultural environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2026.279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:14:27Z","timestamp":1780499667000},"page":"1550-1562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of a multibarrier treatment combining ozonation and biologically activated carbon for inorganic contaminant removal and effluent disinfection"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8247-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iure B.","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira SP, 13484332, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline Aparecida","family":"Malvestiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira SP, 13484332, Brazil"},{"name":"b Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Centen\u00e1rio 303, Piracicaba SP, 13400-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0465-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Pereira","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira SP, 13484332, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-8763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Falc\u00e3o","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Paschoal Marmo 1888, Limeira SP, 13484332, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"APHA","year":"2018","edition":"23rd edn"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2017.04.017","article-title":"Optimization of the treatment of an anaerobic pretreated landfill leachate by a coagulation\u2013flocculation process using experimental design methodology","volume":"109","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process Saf Environ Prot"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2010.495138","article-title":"Treatment of disinfection by-product precursors","volume":"32","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Technology"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C5","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the experimental attainment of optimum conditions","volume":"13","year":"1951","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Methodol"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C6","volume-title":"Sanitation in Limeira: the Excellence of BRK Ambiental's Performance","author":"BRK","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.118415","article-title":"Combined AOP\/GAC\/AOP systems for secondary effluent polishing: optimization, toxicity and disinfection","volume":"263","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C8","author":"Dong, F., Zong, M., Nie, X., Zhou, L., Li, H., Jiang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Lu, X., Lu, J. & Li, B.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C9","author":"Environmental Technology and Sanitation Company [CETESB]","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143498","article-title":"Integration of ozone, UV\/H2O2 and GAC in a multi-barrier treatment for secondary effluent polishing: reuse parameters and micropollutants removal","volume":"759","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C11","first-page":"150","article-title":"The application and reaction mechanism of catalytic ozonation in water treatment","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2018.01.002","article-title":"Rapid formation and characterization of aerobic granules in pilot-scale sequential batch reactor for high-strength organic wastewater treatment","volume":"22","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Water Process Eng"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02098574","article-title":"Methods and sources for the enrichment and isolation of budding, nonprosthecate bacteria from freshwater","volume":"12","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C301","author":"Hoign\u00e9, J. & Bader, H.","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C14","first-page":"20190008","article-title":"Empirical modelling and optimization of pressure-coupled infusion gyration parameters for the nanofibre fabrication","volume":"475","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C15","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.06.004","article-title":"Design of experiments and space design approaches in the pharmaceutical bioprocess optimization","volume":"166","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C17","first-page":"145","article-title":"DBPs removal in GAC filter-adsorber","volume":"42","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09481-1","article-title":"Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater viral disinfection. A systematic review","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Environ Virol"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2017.10.015","article-title":"Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under Mediterranean conditions","volume":"196","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric Water Manag"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2018.04.017","article-title":"O3-BAC-Cl2: a multi-barrier process controlling the regrowth of opportunistic waterborne pathogens in drinking water distribution systems","volume":"76","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.11.026","article-title":"Characterization of interactions between Escherichia coli o157 with epiphytic bacteria in vitro and on spinach leaf surfaces","volume":"153","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2018.1432698","article-title":"Optimization of UV\/H2O2 and ozone wastewater treatment by the experimental design methodology","volume":"40","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Technol."},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104650","article-title":"Modelling ozone disinfection of secondary effluents in presence of scavengers and metal catalyst: synergistic effect and regrowth","volume":"57","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Water Process Eng"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31120-4","article-title":"Analysis of scientific and technological trends in the incorporation of activated carbon in advanced oxidation processes-a bibliometric study","volume":"32","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res."},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C25","author":"National Environment Council [CONAMA]","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.12.092","article-title":"Multivariate Normal Boundary Intersection based on rotated factor scores: a multiobjective optimization method for methyl orange treatment","volume":"143","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.limno.2021.125902","article-title":"Micropollutants in four Brazilian water reservoirs","volume":"90","year":"2021","journal-title":"Limnologica"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146039","article-title":"Enteric virus in reclaimed water from treatment plants with different multi-barrier strategies: trade-off assessment in treatment extent and risks","volume":"776","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C303","author":"Rice, R. G. & Browning, M. E.","year":"1981"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01296-7","article-title":"Lead pollution and bacterial bioremediation: a review","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Chem Lett"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.102884","article-title":"Bacterial bioremediation of heavy metals in wastewater: a review of processes and applications","volume":"48","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Water Process Eng"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C31","volume-title":"Joint Resolution SES\/SIMA No. 1, February 13, 2020","author":"State Health Department, State Infrastructure and Environment Department","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C300","author":"Von Gunten, U.","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135249","article-title":"Catalytic ozonation for water and wastewater treatment: recent advances and perspective","volume":"704","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C302","author":"Xu, Y. & Jiang, J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026061610422828200_WST-D-25-00688C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.02.076","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of ultraviolet, chlorination, and ozone disinfection on antibiotic resistance genes in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants","volume":"317","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"}],"container-title":["Water Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/93\/11\/1550\/1624258\/wst2026279.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article-pdf\/93\/11\/1550\/1624258\/wst2026279.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:46:55Z","timestamp":1781621215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/wst\/article\/93\/11\/1550\/112033\/Optimization-of-a-multibarrier-treatment-combining"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2026.279","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-1223","1996-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-1223","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]}}}