{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:10:52Z","timestamp":1784214652698,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51478403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51478403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024NSFSC0985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It encompasses the structural composition of the shaft model, along with the baffles' pressure, the air\u2013water two-phase distribution, and the impact loads on baffle A and orifice plate bottom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To reduce structural and ground safety hazards induced by high-speed air-water mixtures during geyser events inside baffle-drop shafts, a three-dimensional numerical simulation was carried out. This work systematically investigates how void fraction and inlet pipe diameter influence internal pressure and geyser strength, analyzes the distribution of impact loads acting on bottom baffles, and proposes mounting a throttling orifice plate at the shaft midsection to suppress violent geysers. Results reveal inlet pipe pressure declines first then rises as void fraction grows, hitting the lowest value within the void fraction range of 0.2\u20130.4. Geyser intensity peaks when the diameter ratio of the inlet pipe to the drop shaft equals 1:2. Moreover, baffle impact loads gradually weaken from the shaft bottom upward; loads near partition and shaft walls far exceed those at baffle edges. A midshaft orifice plate delivers reliable geyser suppression, yet it bears impact loads 10 times larger than those on bottom baffles. The conclusions provide practical guidance for the safety-oriented structural design of baffle-drop shafts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2026.308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:31:13Z","timestamp":1783528273000},"page":"29-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical investigation on hydraulic characteristics and control measures of the geyser induced by the entrapped air release in a baffle-drop shaft"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a China MCC5 Group Corp. Ltd., Chengdu 610063, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"b School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3293-6052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-8546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a China MCC5 Group Corp. Ltd., Chengdu 610063, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4355-7461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a China MCC5 Group Corp. Ltd., Chengdu 610063, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-3810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a China MCC5 Group Corp. Ltd., Chengdu 610063, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Experimental results on transient and intermittent flows in a sewer pipe model","year":"2003"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C2","first-page":"1498","article-title":"Study on the hydraulic characteristics of dropshaft and tunnel in the deep tunnel drainage system","volume":"52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C3","author":"ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide; Release 2022 R2","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"078001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2960953","article-title":"Procedure for estimation and reporting of uncertainty due to discretization in CFD applications","volume":"130","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Fluids Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017071","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001416","article-title":"3D numerical modeling of geyser formation by release of entrapped air from horizontal pipe into vertical shaft","volume":"144","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2019.1625817","article-title":"Numerical investigation of field-scale geysers in a vertical shaft","volume":"58","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Research"},{"key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chosie\n            C.\n           (2013) Investigation on the Kinematics of Entrapped Air Pockets in Stormwater Storage Tunnels. MS Thesis, Auburn, Alabama, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412947.161"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2015.1041990","article-title":"Failure of a drainage tunnel caused by an entrapped air pocket","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Water Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C9","first-page":"77","article-title":"Suppression effect on the geyser in storage tunnel system with different shaft forms","volume":"43","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2018.1494052","article-title":"An experimental study on violent geysers in vertical pipes","volume":"57","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Research"},{"key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C11","unstructured":"Lewis\n            J. W.\n           (2011) A Physical Investigation of Air\/Water Interactions Leading to Geyser Events in Rapid Filling Pipelines. PhD thesis, UMich, Michigan, USA."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:11(1170)","article-title":"Modeling mixed flow in storm sewers","volume":"125","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C13","first-page":"2646","article-title":"Flow structure of the confluence between an open channel and a pipe","volume":"88","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Science & Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2023.403","article-title":"A novel measure for long-term sediment reduction inspired by dragonfly wings","volume":"89","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Science & Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2004.tb10652.x","article-title":"Pressure surges in pipeline systems resulting from air releases","volume":"96","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of American Water Works Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2021.061","article-title":"Numerical study on effects of chamber design and multi-inlet on storm geyser","volume":"83","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Science & Technology"},{"key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C17","first-page":"15","article-title":"Entrapped air in pipelines","year":"1976"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2006.02.001","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the motion of single bubbles under a slightly inclined surface","volume":"32","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C19","first-page":"30","article-title":"Three-dimensional turbulence numerical simulation of flow in a stepped dropshaft","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019069","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001684","article-title":"Numerical and experimental study on mitigation of storm geysers in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","volume":"146","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"key":"2026071610583474900_WST-D-25-00383C21","unstructured":"Vasconcelos\n            J. G.\n           (2005) Dynamic Approach to the Description of Flow Regime Transition in Stormwater Systems. 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