{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:01:34Z","timestamp":1787821294519,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019183","name":"Interreg South Baltic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STHB.02.02.00-IP.01-0001\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STHB.02.02.00-IP.01-0001\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The abstract shows a number of papers with the top one having a headline indicating that this is a review of large-scale granular activated carbon filtration. There is a looking glass zooming in on a text saying that this focusing on the breakthrough of indicators. To the right of the papers, there is a picture of a document, the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive. Finally, another step to the right, there are a few breakthrough curves displayed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is increasingly used for quaternary treatment of municipal wastewater to remove organic micropollutants, in line with the revised EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (Directive (EU) 2024\/3019). This review compiles and synthesises available, peer-reviewed, and long-term pilot- and full-scale studies and, in contrast to previous reviews, particularly addresses breakthrough of Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) relevant indicator compounds in relation to operational lifespan and regulatory compliance. Most studies were conducted at pilot scale, with considerable variation in empty bed contact time, filtration rate, and GAC type. Breakthrough of indicator compounds varied widely, but citalopram, metoprolol, benzotriazole, and methylbenzotriazole generally showed relatively late breakthrough, indicating potential for longer filter lifespan, whereas candesartan and irbesartan more often showed early breakthrough. The available data further indicate that the selection of indicator compounds strongly affects the operational lifespan over which compliance with the UWWTD may be maintained. However, the limited number of long-term full-scale studies and the large variability in pre-treatment, filter design, carbon type, and operating conditions prevent robust quantitative assessment of these relationships. The findings highlight the need for more large-scale, long-term studies using a systematic evaluation framework to support the effective implementation of GAC filtration for UWWTD compliance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2026.313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:26:43Z","timestamp":1783776403000},"page":"108-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Removal of organic micropollutants in granular activated carbon filters \u2013 review of long-term and full-scale experiences from municipal wastewater treatment"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-2196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Cimbritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Process and Life Science Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6041-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Fal\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Process and Life Science Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3023-8293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Betsholtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Gryaab AB, P.O. Box 8984, 402 74 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7577-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Edefell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Sweden Water Research, Fabriksgatan 2B, 222 35 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1706-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Gidstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Ramboll AB, V\u00e4dursgatan 6, 402 27 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4716-5067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Takman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e SYVAB AB, 147 92 Gr\u00f6dinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1353-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola","family":"Svahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"f School of Education and Environment, Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, 291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2981-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Davidsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Process and Life Science Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071610585173100_WST-D-25-00686C1","unstructured":"\u00c5gren\n            A.\n           (2007) Seasonal Variation and Landscape Regulation of Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations and Character in Swedish Boreal Streams. Doctoral thesis, Ecology and Environmental Science, Ume\u00e5 University."},{"key":"2026071610585173100_WST-D-25-00686C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2007.01.003","article-title":"Bioregeneration of activated carbon: a review","volume":"59","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation"},{"key":"2026071610585173100_WST-D-25-00686C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.12.061","article-title":"Impacts of coagulation on the adsorption of organic micropollutants onto powdered activated carbon in treated domestic wastewater","volume":"125","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026071610585173100_WST-D-25-00686C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.01.051","article-title":"Combination of granular activated carbon adsorption and deep-bed filtration as a single advanced wastewater treatment step for organic micropollutant and phosphorus removal","volume":"92","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026071610585173100_WST-D-25-00686C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040710","article-title":"Ultrafiltration\/granulated active carbon-biofilter: efficient removal of a broad range of micropollutants","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026071610585173100_WST-D-25-00686C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7759","DOI":"10.3390\/app14177759","article-title":"Approaching breakthrough: resource-efficient micropollutant removal with MBR-GAC configuration","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2026071610585173100_WST-D-25-00686C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178628","article-title":"Assessing the potential of activated carbon and anion-exchange in combination to remove organic 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