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However, water reuse may generate new water loops and challenge water governance with new and different types of water, risks, involved actors, and responsibilities. These challenges demand robust institutional arrangements related to water governance. This article assesses the institutional arrangements associated with four case studies in Spain, Italy, Croatia, and Israel. The findings reveal that the more diverse the water uses and users, the more challenges and risks, particularly those associated with institutional arrangements such as quality standards, sanctions, and conflict prevention, are likely to emerge. The weaknesses of governance models and regulations to deal with changes, uncertainties, and public resistance call for special attention to the design of the institutional arrangements before the adoption. Independent of the type of technology adopted, governance may be improved by ensuring internal and external water monitoring; integrating water management with spatial concerns; improving training, expert engagement, and civil society awareness; and reducing water reuse costs. In addition, alternative models that guarantee the efficiency of governance in attaining objectives and assuring the participation of new water users in the management of water reuse loops may also improve governance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/wp.2023.155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T13:15:06Z","timestamp":1676898906000},"page":"218-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Institutional arrangements for water reuse: assessing challenges for the transition to water circularity"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5935-4485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fayaz","family":"Riazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a GOVCOPP and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Fid\u00e9lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a GOVCOPP and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel Victor","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Carolina","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5059-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Rectory, GOVCOPP and Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Roebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d CESAM and Department of Environment & Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"},{"name":"e Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6706 KN, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07900620048536"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.05.043"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-3","volume-title":"Minimum Quality Requirements for Water Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation and Aquifer Recharge \u2013 Towards A Legal Instrument on Water Reuse at EU Level","author":"Alcalde-Sanz","year":"2017"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wp.2016.001"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-011-0441-9"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138264"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2005.04.070"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706553104"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2009.022"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13549830802475658"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-11","first-page":"181","article-title":"Institution innovation analysis on corporate cross shareholding","author":"Chen","year":"2009"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07900620903392174"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.012"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03704-150438"},{"key":"key-10.2166\/wp.2023.155-15","unstructured":"European Commission (EC) (2015). 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