{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:19:04Z","timestamp":1790713144320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"IWA Publishing","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["iwaponline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper provides a long overdue update on the global non-revenue water (NRW) estimates, initially published in a World Bank publication more than 10 years ago. The authors use a similar approach based on latest data to estimate the volume of water lost by water utilities around the world. The conclusion of this study is that the 2006 estimates were extremely conservative and that realistic NRW estimates are significantly higher. The global volume of NRW has been estimated to be 346 million cubic metres per day or 126 billion cubic metres per year. Conservatively valued at only USD 0.31 per cubic metre, the cost\/value of water lost amounts to USD 39 billion per year. Not only is this an enormous financial concern, but elevated NRW also detracts from water utilities, in a time of increasing scarcity and climate change, from reaching their goals of full service coverage, at a reliable level of service at an affordable price.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2018.129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T13:45:54Z","timestamp":1530884754000},"page":"831-837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/iwapcrossmarkpolicypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":329,"title":["Quantifying the global non-revenue water problem"],"prefix":"10.2166","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Liemberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfalzauerstrasse 72, 3021 Pressbaum, Miya, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2804 Winningham Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"945","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C1","unstructured":"Andres L. A. & GuashJ. L.2009Understanding Sector Performance: The Case of Utilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Report #53380, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C2","volume-title":"Uncovering the Driver of Utility Performance \u2013 Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean on the Role of the Private Sector, Regulation, and Governance in the Power, Water, and Telecommunication Sectors","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C3","volume-title":"Informe Annual 2014 Grupo Regional de Trabajo de Benchmarking (GRTB)","author":"Asociacio de Entes Reguladores de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Las America \u2013 ADERASA","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C4","volume-title":"Principlaes indicadores financieros de entidades prestadoras de servicios de agua potable y saneamiento en America Latina y el Caribe","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C5","article-title":"Current governance and performance of the water supply and sanitation sector in the Caribbean","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingdom W. , LiembergerR. & MarinP.2006The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in Developing Countries \u2013 How the Private Sector Can Help: A Look at Performance-Based Service Contracting.WSS Sector Board Discussion Paper #8, World Bank, DC, USA. Can be downloaded from the World Bank's webpage.","DOI":"10.1596\/17238"},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C7","volume-title":"El Futuro de Los Servicios de Agua y Saneamiento en America Latina \u2013 Desafios de los Operadores de Areas Urbanas de mas de 300,000 habitantes","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C9","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C10","author":"WHO\/UNICEF JMP (Joint Monitoring Program)"},{"key":"2020032816424424200_WS-EM1848C11","volume-title":"Improved Non-Revenue Water Management \u2013 A Holistic Integrated Approach to NRW Programs","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Water Supply"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/ws\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/831\/592655\/ws019030831.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iwaponline.com\/ws\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/831\/592655\/ws019030831.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T16:36:08Z","timestamp":1751733368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iwaponline.com\/ws\/article\/19\/3\/831\/41417\/Quantifying-the-global-nonrevenue-water-problem"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/ws.2018.129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1606-9749","1607-0798"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1606-9749","type":"print"},{"value":"1607-0798","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]]}}}