{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T09:08:56Z","timestamp":1772183336946,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Japanese Society of Internal Medicine","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.3029-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T22:03:03Z","timestamp":1566338583000},"page":"3369-3378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical Characterization of Definite Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis: A 30-case Series"],"prefix":"10.2169","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Shojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenya","family":"Nishioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo Shizuoka Hospital, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Noda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo Shizuoka Hospital, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Okuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo Shizuoka Hospital, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Urabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"962","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 15: 391-404, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12: 157-165, 2013."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal. Neurology 70: 504-511, 2008.","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000278388.90370.c3"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Brierley J, Corsellis J, Hierons R, Nevin S. Subacute encephalitis of later adult life. Mainly affecting the limbic areas. Brain 83: 357-368, 1960.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/83.3.357"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003414","volume":"87","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2016","unstructured":"5. Dalmau J. NMDA receptor encephalitis and other antibody-mediated disorders of the synapse: The 2016 Cotzias Lecture. Neurology 87: 2471-2482, 2016.","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6. Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, Voltz R, Eichen J, Posner JB, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain 123 (Pt): 1481-1494, 2000."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Gleichman AJ, Spruce LA, Dalmau J, Seeholzer SH, Lynch DR. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis antibody binding is dependent on amino acid identity of a small region within the GluN1 amino terminal domain. J Neurosci 32: 11082-11094, 2012.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0064-12.2012"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 10: 63-74, 2011.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70253-2"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. Vincent A, Bien CG, Irani SR, Waters P. Autoantibodies associated with diseases of the CNS: new developments and future challenges. Lancet Neurol 10: 759-772, 2011."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Nagai K, Maekawa T, Terashima H, Kubota M, Ishiguro A. Severe anti-GAD antibody-associated encephalitis after stem cell transplantation. Brain Dev 41: 301-304, 2019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.10.006"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Matsuoka H, Kimura H, Koba H, et al. Nivolumab-induced limbic encephalitis with anti-Hu antibody in a patient with advanced pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. Clin Lung Cancer 19: e597-e599, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.04.009"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"12. Takahashi Y, Mikami T, Suzuki H, et al. Development of moyamoya disease after non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis: a case report. J Clin Neurosci 53: 250-253, 2018."},{"key":"13","unstructured":"13. Inoue T, Kanno R, Moriya A, et al. A case of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in a patient with invasive thymoma with anti-glutamate receptor antibody-positive cerebrospinal fluid: a case report. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 24: 200-204, 2018."},{"key":"14","unstructured":"14. Tsutsui K, Kanbayashi T, Takaki M, et al. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody could be a cause of catatonic symptoms in psychiatric patients: case reports and methods for detection. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 13: 339-345, 2017."},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15. Hattori Y, Yamashita Y, Mizuno M, Katano K, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Matsukawa N. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor limbic encephalitis associated with mature cystic teratoma of the fallopian tube. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 43: 412-415, 2017.","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13221"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Terada A, Tasaki S, Tachibana T, et al. Two cases of acute limbic encephalitis in which symptoms improved as a result of laparoscopic salpingo-oophorectomy. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther 6: 34-37, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmit.2016.06.004"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"17. Uneno Y, Yokoyama A, Nishikawa Y, et al. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in a human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive gastric cancer patient treated with trastuzumab-combined chemotherapy: a case report and literature review. Intern Med 55: 2605-2609, 2016."},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18. Shimoyama Y, Umegaki O, Agui T, Kadono N, Minami T. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting as an acute psychotic episode misdiagnosed as dissociative disorder: a case report. JA Clin Rep 2: 22, 2016."},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19. Kuroda T, Futamura A, Sugimoto A, Midorikawa A, Honma M, Kawamura M. Autobiographical age awareness disturbance syndrome in autoimmune limbic encephalitis: two case reports. BMC Neurol 15: 238, 2015."},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Murata Y, Watanabe O, Taniguchi G, et al. A case of autoimmune epilepsy associated with anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated subunit 1 antibodies manifesting electrical shock-like sensations and transparent sadness. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep 4: 91-93, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2015.08.004"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"21. Imai K, Fukuda T, Wada T, Kawanishi M, Yamauchi M, Hashiguchi Y, et al. Complete recovery from paraneoplastic anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with a small ovarian teratoma following a laparoscopic salpingo-oophorectomy: a case report. Exp Ther Med 9: 1723-1726, 2015."},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Hiraga A, Watanabe O, Kamitsukasa I, Kuwabara S. Voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-associated encephalitis with claustrum lesions. Intern Med 53: 2263-2264, 2014.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.2701"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"23. Omura T, Sonoda S, Nagata K, et al. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis: case report and diagnostic issues. Acute Med Surg 2: 56-59, 2015."},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Kanazawa K, Matsumoto R, Shimotake A, et al. Persistent frequent subclinical seizures and memory impairment after clinical remission in smoldering limbic encephalitis. Epileptic Disord 16: 312-317, 2014.","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0664"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"25. Kaira K, Okamura T, Takahashi H, et al. Small-cell lung cancer with voltage-gated calcium channel antibody-positive paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 8: 119, 2014."},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Shirafuji T, Kanda F, Sekiguchi K, et al. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis with esophageal small cell carcinoma. Intern Med 51: 2423-2427, 2012.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6884"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Kawahara K, Miyawaki M, Anami K, et al. A patient with mediastinal mature teratoma presenting with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. J Thorac Oncol 7: 258-259, 2012.","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318236eade"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Uzawa A, Mori M, Takahashi Y, Ogawa Y, Uchiyama T, Kuwabara S. Anti-N-methyl D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor antibody-positive limbic encephalitis in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114: 402-404, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.10.047"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29. Kawano H, Hamaguchi E, Kawahito S, et al. Anaesthesia for a patient with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis with ovarian teratoma: relationship to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies. Anaesthesia 66: 515-518, 2011.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.06707.x"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Kishi M, Sakakibara R, Ogata T, Ogawa E. Transient phonemic paraphasia by bilateral hippocampus lesion in a case of limbic encephalitis. Neurol Int 2: e8, 2010.","DOI":"10.4081\/ni.2010.e8"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Shimazaki H, Ando Y, Nakano I, Dalmau J. Reversible limbic encephalitis with antibodies against the membranes of neurones of the hippocampus. BMJ Case Rep: 2009.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.07.2008.0509"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Takahashi H, Mori M, Sekiguchi Y, et al. Development of Isaacs' syndrome following complete recovery of voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 275: 185-187, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.07.034"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Kimura M, Onozawa M, Fujisaki A, et al. Anti-Ma2 paraneoplastic encephalitis associated with testicular germ cell tumor treated by carboplatin, etoposide and bleomycin. Int J Urol 15: 942-943, 2008.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02119.x"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Hart IK, Maddison P, Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A, Mills KR. Phenotypic variants of autoimmune peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. Brain 125 (Pt): 1887-1895, 2002.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf178"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Zhang Q, Tanaka K, Sun P, et al. Suppression of synaptic plasticity by cerebrospinal fluid from anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis patients. Neurobiol Dis 45: 610-615, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.09.019"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Kobayashi M, Nishioka K, Takanashi M, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis due to large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterus. J Neurol Sci 383: 72-74, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.10.024"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"37. Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 7: 1091-1098, 2008."},{"key":"38","unstructured":"38. Kaneko J, Kanazawa N, Tominaga N, et al. Practical issues in measuring autoantibodies to neuronal cell-surface antigens in autoimmune neurological disorders: 190 cases. J Neurol Sci 390: 26-32, 2018."}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/internalmedicine\/58\/23\/58_3029-19\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T03:47:04Z","timestamp":1575690424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/internalmedicine\/58\/23\/58_3029-19\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.3029-19","relation":{},"ISSN":["0918-2918","1349-7235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0918-2918","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-7235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}}}