{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T05:33:49Z","timestamp":1759728829998},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Japanese Society of Internal Medicine","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.5601-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T22:05:26Z","timestamp":1604268326000},"page":"3135-3140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical and Microbiological Features of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Mild COVID-19 in Seven Crewmembers of a Cruise Ship"],"prefix":"10.2169","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Hoshiyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuhiko","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Nihonyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kameda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minako","family":"Yamaoka-Tojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michinari","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyunya","family":"Ako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunihiro","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Takayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"962","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. World Health Organization. Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/events-as-they-happen"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3. Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 41: 145-151, 2020 (in Chinese, Abstract in English)."},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. Forthcoming."},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323: 1061-1069, 2020.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. China CDC weekly. The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) - China, 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available from: http:\/\/weekly.chinacdc.cn\/en\/article\/id\/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.032"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7. Liu M, He P, Liu HG, et al. Clinical characteristics of 30 medical workers infected with new coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He Hu Xi Za Zhi 43: E016, 2020 (in Chinese, Abstract in English)."},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a Perspective from China. Radiology. Forthcoming."},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, et al. CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) Radiology. Forthcoming."},{"key":"10","unstructured":"10. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Radiology. Forthcoming."},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) People with Certain Medical Conditions [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 9]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/people-with-medical-conditions.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fgroups-at-higher-risk.html"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"12. Obesity Rates By Country 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 9]. Available from: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/obesity-rates-by-country"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"13. Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. Two important controversial risk factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection: obesity and smoking. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 78: 103411, 2020."},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Karlsson C, Lindell K, Ottosson K, et al. Human adipose tissue expresses angiotensinogen and enzymes required for its conversion to angiotensin II. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 3925-9, 1998.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.11.3925"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Gupte M, Thatcher SE, Boustany-Kari CM, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 contributes to sex differences in the development of obesity hypertension in C57BL\/6 mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32: 1392-9, 2012.","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.248559"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181: 271-280.e8, 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"17. Rio CD, Malani PN. COVID-19-new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. JAMA. Forthcoming."},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18. Sakurai A, Sasaki T, Kato S, et al. Natural history of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. Forthcoming."},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prevent Getting sick [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/about\/prevention.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fabout%2Fprevention-treatment.html"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"20. Wang X, Pan Z, Cheng Z. Association between 2019-nCoV transmission and N95 respirator use. J Hosp Infect. Forthcoming."},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13168-6","volume":"361","author":"WH Seto","year":"2003","unstructured":"21. Seto WH, Tsang D, Yung RW, et al.; Advisors of Expert SARS group of Hospital Authority. Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet 361: 1519-1520, 2003.","journal-title":"The Lancet","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"22. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al.; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 64 (Suppl 3): 1-55, 2009."},{"key":"23","unstructured":"23. Ishida T, Tachibana H, Ito A, Yoshioka H, Arita M, Hashimoto T. Clinical characteristics of nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia: a Japanese variant of healthcare-associated pneumonia. Intern Med 51: 2537-2544, 2012."},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Chickering HT, Park JH. <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> pneumonia. JAMA 72: 617-626, 1919.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1919.02610090001001"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Louria DB, Blummenfeld HL, Ellis JT, Kilbourne ED, Rogers DE. Studies in the pandemic of 1957-1958. II. Pulmonary complications of influenza. J Clin Invest 3: 213-265, 1959.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103791"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26. Oliveira EC, Marik PE, Colice G. Influenza pneumonia A descriptive study. Chest 119: 1717-1723, 2001.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.6.1717"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 367: 1814-1820, 2012.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. WHO MERS-CoV Research Group. State of knowledge and data gaps of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in humans. PLoS Curr 2013.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.0bf719e352e7478f8ad85fa30127ddb8"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Drosten C, Seilmaier M, Corman VM, et al. Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 745-751, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70154-3"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"30. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395: 507-513, 2020.","journal-title":"The Lancet","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Duployez C, Le Guern R, Tinez C, et al. Panton-valentine leukocidin-secreting <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> pneumonia complicating COVID-19. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 1939-1941, 2020.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201413"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Folkerts G, Busse WW, Nijkamp FP, Sorkness R, Gern JE. Virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 1708-1720, 1998.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.6.9707163"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Winther B, Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO. Respiratory virus infection of monolayer cultures of human nasal epithelial cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 141: 839-845, 1990.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.4_Pt_1.839"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Bossios A, Psarras S, Gourgiotis D, et al. Rhinovirus infection induces cytotoxicity and delays wound healing in bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 6: 114, 2005.","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-114"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Bakaletz LO. Viral-bacterial co-infections in the respiratory tract. Curr Opin Microbiol 35: 30-35, 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.11.003"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. di Mauro G, Cristina S, Concetta R, et al. SARS-Cov-2 infection. Response of human immune system and possible implications for the rapid test and treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 84: 106519, 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106519"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"37. Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Rios CT, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. Geroscience 42: 505-514, 2020."},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Braciale TJ, Sun J, Kim TS. Regulating the adaptive immune response to respiratory virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 9;12: 295-305, 2012.","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3166"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Ghoneim HE, Thomas PG, McCullers JA. Depletion of alveolar macrophages during influenza infection facilitates bacterial superinfections. J Immunol 191: 1250-1259, 2013.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300014"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Beadling C, Slifka MK. How do viral infections predispose patients to bacterial infections? Curr Opin Infect Dis 17: 185-191, 2004.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200406000-00003"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Metzger DW, Sun K. Immune dysfunction and bacterial coinfections following influenza. J Immunol 191: 2047-2052, 2013.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301152"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395: 497-506, 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"}],"container-title":["Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/internalmedicine\/59\/24\/59_5601-20\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T04:38:04Z","timestamp":1608352684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/internalmedicine\/59\/24\/59_5601-20\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.5601-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0918-2918","1349-7235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0918-2918","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-7235","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]}}}