{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:54:41Z","timestamp":1792184081819,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MRMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Alopecia is a prevalent condition that affects both sexes, characterised by miniaturisation\nof hair follicles and changes in the dynamics of the hair cycle, such as androgenetic alopecia associated\nwith various systemic factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Minoxidil (base), initially\ndeveloped as an oral antihypertensive, is currently used in the treatment of alopecia, acting as a prodrug\nthat requires hepatic sulphation to generate its active metabolite, minoxidil sulphate. Topical\nformulations use minoxidil sulphate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient, directly on the hair follicles.\nPharmacogenomic studies highlight the critical role of SULT1A1 enzyme variability in modulating\ntreatment response, supporting personalised therapeutic strategies. Despite challenges related\nto low water solubility, high permeability, and narrow therapeutic index, emerging pharmaceutical\ntechnologies, including minitablets, orodispersible forms, sublingual preparations, and modified\nrelease systems, offer the potential to optimise absorption, increase dosing accuracy, and reduce\nadverse effects. This review consolidates current knowledge on the chemistry, pharmacology,\npharmacogenomics, and technological aspects of minoxidil (base) for systemic use, emphasising\ntranslational developments that may redefine its clinical applications and contribute to safer and\nmore standardised therapies. The integration of medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical technology,\nclinical pharmacology, and regulatory guidance is expected to promote oral minoxidil as a reliable,\neffective, and patient-centred therapeutic option for alopecia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0113895575433118260115212307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:55:10Z","timestamp":1774439710000},"page":"623-631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Minoxidil as a Prodrug: Review of Chemical, Pharmacological, and Technological Aspects in Alopecia Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Gustavo Terra","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas,MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Beatriz Kimie Baiocco","family":"Ikegaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Initiation Programme, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas,Alfenas, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isadora Luziana Izidoro","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Initiation Programme, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Barbosa Neder","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Universityof Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Bet\u00e2nia de Freitas","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, FederalUniversity of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3564-4338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Magali Benjamim","family":"de Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Control Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, FederalUniversity of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06442.x","volume":"152","author":"Grover S. 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