{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:12:43Z","timestamp":1778659963617,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized\nby inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss in the CNS. Despite significant therapeutic\nadvancements, MS remains incurable, especially the progressive forms like Primary Progressive\nMS (PPMS), due to a lack of understanding of the disease mechanisms and inadequate translational\nmodels.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This narrative review assesses literature on MS pathophysiology, phenotypes, diagnostic\nissues, and new immunotherapeutic strategies, analyzing preclinical and clinical evidence regarding\nbiologics, neuroprotective agents, remyelination methods, advanced imaging, and biomarker\ndevelopment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Treatment regimens using anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab, ocrelizumab,\nand ofatumumab have proven effective in reducing disease activity and slowing progression,\nespecially in PPMS. Additionally, Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibitors and agents that promote\nremyelination have the potential to address unmet medical needs. Enhanced imaging techniques,\nsuch as MRI and PET, and molecular biomarkers facilitate better disease monitoring and\npersonalized treatment, enabling more tailored therapies that can improve patient outcomes in conditions\nlike MS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n Recent advances emphasize the important role of immune dysregulation, particularly\ninvolving B-cell mechanisms, in the progression of MS. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have\ndemonstrated clinical benefits, effectively reducing disease activity and slowing progression, particularly\nin progressive MS cases. Nonetheless, challenges such as high costs, limited access, and\nreduced efficacy in later disease stages persist, especially in resource-constrained healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Emerging immunotherapeutic, neuroprotective, and remyelination-based approaches\nmay improve outcomes in patients with progressive MS. Further, to personalize the MS treatment,\nwe need to combine advanced imaging, biomarker technologies, and real-world clinical data.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0115672026452725260413095140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:49:01Z","timestamp":1778658541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancing the Frontiers of Multiple Sclerosis Management: Emerging Immunotherapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Injamamul","family":"Haque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga, 142001, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koushik","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga, 142001, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuber","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MD Nasiruddin","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidharth","family":"Mehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankaj Kumar","family":"Maurya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","container-title":["Current Neurovascular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/article\/download?doi=10.2174\/0115672026452725260413095140","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/253722\/article","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/article\/download?doi=10.2174\/0115672026452725260413095140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:49:03Z","timestamp":1778658543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/253722\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0115672026452725260413095140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-2026"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-2026","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Double blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2025-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-13","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}