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The other critical issue is the population coverage of a\nvaccine that has been neglected in traditional vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the issues above, our study aimed to design a peptide-based diphtheria vaccine, considering the issues of unwanted epitopes and population coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The frequencies of pre-determined HLA alleles were listed. A country in which almost all HLA alleles had been determined in almost all geographical distribution was selected.\nThe epitopes within the sequence of diphtheria toxin were predicted by the NetMHCIIPan server based on the selected HLA alleles. Strong binder epitopes on the surface of diphtheria toxin\nwere selected by structural epitope mapping. The epitopes, which cover almost all the human\npopulation for each of the HLA alleles in the candidate country, were then selected as epitopebased vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At first, 793 strong binder epitopes were predicted, of which 82 were surface epitopes.\nNine surface epitopes whose amino acids had extruding side chains were selected. Finally, 2\nepitopes had the most population coverage and were suggested as a di-epitope diphtheria vaccine. The population coverage of the di-epitope vaccine in France and the world was 100 and\n99.24 %, respectively. HLA-DP had the most roles in epitope presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0115734099294259240411073449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T06:29:32Z","timestamp":1714199372000},"page":"807-818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Designing a Novel di-epitope Diphtheria Vaccine: A Rational Structural Immunoinformatics Approach"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Shadmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Ghasemnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Bazmara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology,Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0125-3918","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kamran Pooshang","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0047","volume":"97","author":"Murhekar M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murhekar M.; Epidemiology of diphtheria in India, 1996\u20132016: Implications for prevention and control. 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