{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:24:12Z","timestamp":1758709452056,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017212","name":"Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80-10-191\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80-10-191\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017212","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PPL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hemorphins are endogenous hemoglobin-derived peptides that belong to\nthe family of \u201catypical\u201d opioid peptides with both affinities to opioid receptors and ability to release\nother endogenous opioid peptides.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the present study, peptide analogues of Valorphin (VV-hemorphin-5) containing amino\nphosphonate moiety synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-strategy) were investigated\nfor their potential antinociceptive activities and compared to the reference VV-H in formalin-\ninduced model of acute and inflammatory pain in mice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The hemorphin analogues were prepared by replacement of the one and\/or two N-terminal\nVal in VV-hemorphin5 (VV-H) with ((dimethoxy phosphoryl) methyl)-L-valine and\n((dimethoxy phosphoryl) methyl)-L-leucine to obtain the compounds pVV-H, pL-H, and pLV-H.\nAiming to additionally prove the importance of amino acid valine, we introduced the ((dimethoxy\nphosphoryl) methyl)-L-leucine to the N-side of VV-hemorphin-5 (pLVV-H). The experiments\nwere carried out on adult male ICR mice. All peptides were administered intracerebroventricularly\nat three doses (50, 25 and 12,5 \u03bcg\/mouse). We have studied the effects of the peptides on acute (1st\nphase) and inflammatory (2nd phase) pain reaction using un experimental model with intraplantar\nformalin injection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>VV-H showed a significant antinociceptive effect both in the acute and inflammatory phases\nof the test. Although Valorphin hexa-, hepta-, and octapeptide analogs demonstrated a significant\nantinociceptive effect, they showed substantial differences considering their effective dose and\nthe phase of the test as compared to the Valorphin.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data showed that modified heptapeptides pVV-H and pLV-H exerted the same or better\nantinociception in acute and inflammatory pain, in comparison to the reference peptide, while\npL-H and pLVV-H analogues were less effective.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study contributes to the elucidation of the role of Valine and the number of amino\nacid residues in the structure of hemorphin peptide analogs in their effectiveness in suppressing\nboth acute and inflammatory experimental pain.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866527666200813200714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,16]],"date-time":"2020-08-16T05:51:26Z","timestamp":1597557086000},"page":"442-449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antinociceptive Effects of VV-Hemorphin-5 Peptide Analogues Containing Amino phosphonate Moiety in Mouse Formalin Model of Pain"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Borislav","family":"Assenov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, Medical Faculty, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Pechlivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, Medical Faculty, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1796-5277","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena","family":"Dzhambazova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, Medical Faculty, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petia","family":"Peneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8050-0149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Petar","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.12.024","volume":"105","author":"Zadina J.E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zadina J.E.; Nilges M.R.; Morgenweck J.; Zhang X.; Hackler L.; Fasold M.B.; Endomorphin analog analgesics with reduced abuse liability, respiratory depression, motor impairment, tolerance, and glial activation relative to morphine. 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