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Moreover, the Nef, Vpu and Vif proteins could significantly increase Th1 immune response.\nIn contrast, the Vpr protein could considerably induce Th2 immune response. On the other\nhand, among four accessory proteins, HIV-1 Vpu could significantly detect treated group from untreated\ngroup as a possible biomarker in human.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Generally, among accessory proteins, Nef, Vpu and Vif antigens were potentially\nmore suitable vaccine antigen candidates than Vpr antigen. Human antibodies against all these proteins\nwere higher in HIV-1 different groups than healthy group. Among them, Vpu was known as a\npotent antigen in diagnosis of treated from untreated individuals. The potency of accessory proteins\nas an antigen candidate in an animal model and a human cohort study are underway.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866528999201231213610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T07:53:28Z","timestamp":1609487608000},"page":"687-698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HIV-1 Accessory Proteins: Which one is Potentially Effective in Diagnosis and Vaccine Development?"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Milani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazem","family":"Baesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elnaz","family":"Agi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghazal","family":"Marouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7363-7406","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azam","family":"Bolhassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","first-page":"9","volume":"14","author":"Arya S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arya S.; Lal P.; Singh P.; Kumar A.; Recent advances in diagnosis of HIV and future prospects. 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