{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T20:32:02Z","timestamp":1783197122953,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PPL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An antigen is a small foreign substance, such as a microorganism structural\nprotein, that may trigger an immune response once inside the body. Antigens are preferentially used\nrather than completely attenuated microorganisms to develop safe vaccines. Unfortunately, not all\nantigens are able to induce an immune response. Thus, new adjuvants to enhance the antigen\u2019s ability to\nstimulate immunity must be developed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the molecular-structure adjuvant activity of tannic\nacid (TA) coupled to a protein antigen in Balb\/c mice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as an antigen. The coupling of BSA and TA was\nmediated by carbodiimide crosslinking, and verified by SDS-PAGE. Forty-two Balb\/c mice were\ndivided into seven groups, including two controls without antigen, an antigen control, an adjuvant\ncontrol, and two treatment groups. An additional group was used for macrophages isolation. A 30-day\nscheme was used to immunize the mice. The analysis of humoral immunity included immunoglobulin\nquantification, isotyping and antigen-antibody precipitation. The analysis of cell-mediated immunity\nincluded the quantification of nitric oxide from peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes\u2019 proliferation\nassay after treatment stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>No differences were found in the antibodies\u2019 concentration or isotypes induced with the\nconjugate or the pure BSA. However, an immunogenicity improvement (p &lt; 0.05) was observed\nthrough the specific anti-BSA antibody titers in mice immunized with the conjugate. Besides,\nmacrophage activation (p &lt; 0.05) was detected when stimulated with the treatments containing TA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tannic acid exhibited macrophages\u2019 activation properties. Moreover, when TA was\nincorporated into the structure of a protein antigen, such as BSA, an antibody specificity enhancement\nwas observed. This was a consequence of antigen processing by activated antigen-presenting cells.\nThese results showed the use of tannic acid as a novel candidate for vaccine molecular-structure\nadjuvant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866529666220902152147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T12:45:26Z","timestamp":1662209126000},"page":"925-936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tannic Acid, as a Structural Moiety Coupled to a Protein Antigen,\nExhibiting a Molecular-structure Adjuvant Activity for Antibody\nSpecificity Enhancement"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1493-4245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brenda","family":"Molina-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de 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