{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1792039893073,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"23","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["79838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p>Interest in nitroheterocyclic drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases has undergone a resurgence in recent years. Here we review the current status of monocyclic and bicyclic nitroheterocyclic compounds as existing or potential new treatments for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas\u2019 disease and human African trypanosomiasis. Both monocyclic (nifurtimox, benznidazole and fexinidazole) and bicyclic (pretomanid (PA-824) and delamanid (OPC-67683)) nitro-compounds are prodrugs, requiring enzymatic activation to exert their parasite toxicity. Current understanding of the nitroreductases involved in activation and possible mechanisms by which parasites develop resistance is discussed along with a description of the pharmacokinetic \/ pharmacodynamic behaviour and chemical structure-activity relationships of drugs and experimental compounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180426164352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T11:08:04Z","timestamp":1524827284000},"page":"4454-4475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Current and Future Prospects of Nitro-compounds as Drugs for Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Patterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan H.","family":"Fairlamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33945","volume":"118","author":"Stuart K.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stuart K.; Brun R.; Croft S.; Fairlamb A.; G\u00fcrtler R.E.; McKerrow J.; Reed S.; Tarleton R.; Kinetoplastids: related protozoan pathogens, different diseases. J Clin Invest 2008,118(4),1301-1310","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref=2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)08567-2","volume":"82","author":"Dodd M.C.","year":"1944","unstructured":"Dodd M.C.; Stillman W.B.; Roys M.; Crosby C.; The in vitro bacteriostatic action of some simple furan derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1944,82(1),11-18","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref=3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6468(08)70446-6","volume":"5","author":"Miura K.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Miura K.; Reckendorf H.K.; The nitrofurans. Prog Med Chem 1967,5,320-381","journal-title":"Prog Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7636","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00143","volume":"60","author":"Ang C.W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ang C.W.; Jarrad A.M.; Cooper M.A.; Blaskovich M.A.T.; Nitroimidazoles: molecular fireworks that combat a broad spectrum of infectious diseases. J Med Chem 2017,60(18),7636-7657","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(79)90025-1","volume":"7","author":"Brener Z.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brener Z.; Present status of chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of human trypanosomiasis in the western hemisphere. Pharmacol Ther 1979,7(1),71-90","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.10.023","volume":"115","author":"Urbina J.A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Urbina J.A.; Specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease: relevance, current limitations and new approaches. Acta Trop 2010,115(1-2),55-68","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref=7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000100001","volume":"97","author":"Rodriques Coura J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rodriques Coura J.; de Castro S.L.; A critical review on Chagas disease chemotherapy. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002,97(1),3-24","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref=8","first-page":"19","volume":"19","author":"Ferreira R.C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ferreira R.C.; Ferreira L.C.; Mutagenicity of nifurtimox and benznidazole in the Salmonella\/microsome assay. Braz J Med Biol Res 1986,19(1),19-25","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624296","volume":"115","author":"Marin-Neto J.A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marin-Neto J.A.; Cunha-Neto E.; Maciel B.C.; Sim\u00f5es M.V.; Pathogenesis of chronic Chagas heart disease. Circulation 2007,115(9),1109-1123","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref=10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507574","volume":"373","author":"Morillo C.A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morillo C.A.; Marin-Neto J.A.; Avezum A.; Sosa-Estani S.; Rassi A.; Rosas F.; Villena E.; Quiroz R.; Bonilla R.; Britto C.; Guhl F.; Velazquez E.; Bonilla L.; Meeks B.; Rao-Melacini P.; Pogue J.; Mattos A.; Lazdins J.; Rassi A.; Connolly S.J.; Yusuf S.; Randomized trial of benznidazole for chronic Chagas\u2019 cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2015,373(14),1295-1306","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref=11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000900042","volume":"104","author":"Marin-Neto J.A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marin-Neto J.A.; Rassi A.; Avezum A.; Mattos A.C.; Rassi A.; Morillo C.A.; Sosa-Estani S.; Yusuf S.; The BENEFIT trial: testing the hypothesis that trypanocidal therapy is beneficial for patients with chronic Chagas heart disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009,104(Suppl. 1),319-324","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref=12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003312","volume":"8","author":"Fabbro D.L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fabbro D.L.; Danesi E.; Olivera V.; Codeb\u00f3 M.O.; Denner S.; Heredia C.; Streiger M.; Sosa-Estani S.; Trypanocide treatment of women infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and its effect on preventing congenital Chagas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014,8(11)","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref=13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04128-1","volume":"348","author":"de Andrade A.L.","year":"1996","unstructured":"de Andrade A.L.; Zicker F.; de Oliveira R.M.; Almeida Silva S.; Luquetti A.; Travassos L.R.; Almeida I.C.; de Andrade S.S.; de Andrade J.G.; Martelli C.M.; Randomised trial of efficacy of benznidazole in treatment of early Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Lancet 1996,348(9039),1407-1413","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref=14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002907","volume":"8","author":"Altcheh J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altcheh J.; Moscatelli G.; Mastrantonio G.; Moroni S.; Giglio N.; Marson M.E.; Ballering G.; Bisio M.; Koren G.; Garc\u00eda-Bournissen F.; Population pharmacokinetic study of benznidazole in pediatric Chagas disease suggests efficacy despite lower plasma concentrations than in adults. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014,8(5)","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref=15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150401","volume":"111","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez M.L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez M.L.; Marson M.E.; Ramirez J.C.; Mastrantonio G.; Schijman A.G.; Altcheh J.; Riarte A.R.; Bournissen F.G.; Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses in adult patients with Chagas disease treated with a new formulation of benznidazole. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016,111(3),218-221","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref=16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit420","volume":"209","author":"Bustamante J.M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bustamante J.M.; Craft J.M.; Crowe B.D.; Ketchie S.A.; Tarleton R.L.; New, combined, and reduced dosing treatment protocols cure Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. J Infect Dis 2014,209(1),150-162","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref=17","first-page":"475","volume":"57","author":"Janssens P.G.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Janssens P.G.; De Muynck A.; Clinical trials with \u201cnifurtimox\u201d in African trypanosomiasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1977,57(4-5),475-480","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"ref=18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1021\/ml300114c","volume":"3","author":"Aub\u00e9 J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aub\u00e9 J.; Drug repurposing and the medicinal chemist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012,3(6),442-444","journal-title":"ACS Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"ref=19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.02.002","volume":"4","author":"Andrews K.T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andrews K.T.; Fisher G.; Skinner-Adams T.S.; Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2014,4(2),95-111","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref=20","first-page":"37","volume":"64","author":"Moens F.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moens F.; De Wilde M.; Ngato K.; Essai de traitement au nifurtimox de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1984,64(1),37-43","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"ref=21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90270-8","volume":"83","author":"P\u00e9pin J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"P\u00e9pin J.; Milord F.; Mpia B.; Meurice F.; Ethier L.; DeGroof D.; Bruneel H.; An open clinical trial of nifurtimox for arseno-resistant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in central Zaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989,83(4),514-517","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref=22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90298-Q","volume":"86","author":"P\u00e9pin J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"P\u00e9pin J.; Milord F.; Meurice F.; Ethier L.; Loko L.; Mpia B.; High-dose nifurtimox for arseno-resistant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: an open trial in central Zaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992,86(3),254-256","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref=23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.002","volume":"19","author":"Fairlamb A.H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fairlamb A.H.; Chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis: current and future prospects. Trends Parasitol 2003,19(11),488-494","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pctr.0010039","volume":"1","author":"Priotto G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Priotto G.; Fogg C.; Balasegaram M.; Erphas O.; Louga A.; Checchi F.; Ghabri S.; Piola P.; Three drug combinations for late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: a randomized clinical trial in Uganda. PLoS Clin Trials 2006,1(8)","journal-title":"PLoS Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref=25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1086\/510534","volume":"195","author":"Bisser S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bisser S.; N\u2019Siesi F.X.; Lejon V.; Preux P.M.; Van Nieuwenhove S.; Miaka Mia Bilenge C.; B\u016bscher P.; Equivalence trial of melarsoprol and nifurtimox monotherapy and combination therapy for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. J Infect Dis 2007,195(3),322-329","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref=26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61117-X","volume":"374","author":"Priotto G.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Priotto G.; Kasparian S.; Mutombo W.; Ngouama D.; Ghorashian S.; Arnold U.; Ghabri S.; Baudin E.; Buard V.; Kazadi-Kyanza S.; Ilunga M.; Mutangala W.; Pohlig G.; Schmid C.; Karunakara U.; Torreele E.; Kande V.; Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a multicentre, randomised, phase III, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2009,374(9683),56-64","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref=27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.959496","volume":"12","author":"Eperon G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eperon G.; Balasegaram M.; Potet J.; Mowbray C.; Valverde O.; Chappuis F.; Treatment options for second-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014,12(11),1407-1417","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref=28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00291.x","volume":"3","author":"Enanga B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Enanga B.; Keita M.; Chauvi\u00e8re G.; Dumas M.; Bouteille B.; Megazol combined with suramin: a chemotherapy regimen which reversed the CNS pathology in a model of human African trypanosomiasis in mice. Trop Med Int Health 1998,3(9),736-741","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref=29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01154.x","volume":"9","author":"Darsaud A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Darsaud A.; Chevrier C.; Bourdon L.; Dumas M.; Buguet A.; Bouteille B.; Megazol combined with suramin improves a new diagnosis index of the early meningo-encephalitic phase of experimental African trypanosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 2004,9(1),83-91","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref=30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2004.02.013","volume":"560","author":"Nesslany F.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nesslany F.; Brugier S.; Mouri\u00e8s M.A.; Le Curieux F.; Marzin D.; In vitro and in vivo chromosomal aberrations induced by megazol. Mutat Res 2004,560(2),147-158","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"ref=31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100514","volume":"51","author":"Walsh J.S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walsh J.S.; Miwa G.T.; Bioactivation of drugs: risk and drug design. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011,51,145-167","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref=32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000923","volume":"4","author":"Torreele E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torreele E.; Bourdin Trunz B.; Tweats D.; Kaiser M.; Brun R.; Mazu\u00e9 G.; Bray M.A.; P\u00e9coul B.; Fexinidazole--a new oral nitroimidazole drug candidate entering clinical development for the treatment of sleeping sickness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010,4(12)","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref=33","first-page":"739","volume":"28","author":"Winkelmann E.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Winkelmann E.; Raether W.; Chemotherapeutically acitve nitro compounds. 4. 5-Nitroimidazoles (Part III). Arzneimittelforschung 1978,28(5),739-749","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"ref=34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00926669","volume":"69","author":"Jennings F.W.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jennings F.W.; Urquhart G.M.; The use of the 2 substituted 5-nitroimidazole, Fexinidazole (Hoe 239) in the treatment of chronic T. brucei infections in mice. Z Parasitenkd 1983,69(5),577-581","journal-title":"Z Parasitenkd"},{"key":"ref=35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ges015","volume":"27","author":"Tweats D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tweats D.; Bourdin Trunz B.; Torreele E.; Genotoxicity profile of fexinidazole--a drug candidate in clinical development for human African trypanomiasis (sleeping sickness). Mutagenesis 2012,27(5),523-532","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref=36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0136-3","volume":"53","author":"Tarral A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tarral A.; Blesson S.; Mordt O.V.; Torreele E.; Sassella D.; Bray M.A.; Hovsepian L.; Ev\u00e8ne E.; Gualano V.; Felices M.; Strub-Wourgaft N.; Determination of an optimal dosing regimen for fexinidazole, a novel oral drug for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis: first-in-human studies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014,53(6),565-580","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref=37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5602","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00246-11","volume":"55","author":"Kaiser M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaiser M.; Bray M.A.; Cal M.; Bourdin Trunz B.; Torreele E.; Brun R.; Antitrypanosomal activity of fexinidazole, a new oral nitroimidazole drug candidate for treatment of sleeping sickness. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011,55(12),5602-5608","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref=38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00332-10","volume":"54","author":"Sokolova A.Y.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sokolova A.Y.; Wyllie S.; Patterson S.; Oza S.L.; Read K.D.; Fairlamb A.H.; Cross-resistance to nitro drugs and implications for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010,54(7),2893-2900","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref=39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32758-7","volume":"391","author":"Mesu V.K.B.K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mesu V.K.B.K.; Kalonji W.M.; Bardonneau C.; Mordt O.V.; Blesson S.; Simon F.; Delhomme S.; Bernhard S.; Kuziena W.; Lubaki J.F.; Vuvu S.L.; Ngima P.N.; Mbembo H.M.; Ilunga M.; Bonama A.K.; Heradi J.A.; Solomo J.L.L.; Mandula G.; Badibabi L.K.; Dama F.R.; Lukula P.K.; Tete D.N.; Lumbala C.; Scherrer B.; Strub-Wourgaft N.; Tarral A.; Oral fexinidazole for late-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a pivotal multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018,391(10116),144-154","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref=40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01788-12","volume":"57","author":"Wyllie S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wyllie S.; Patterson S.; Fairlamb A.H.; Assessing the essentiality of Leishmania donovani nitroreductase and its role in nitro drug activation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013,57(2),901-906","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref=41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003326","volume":"4","author":"Wyllie S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wyllie S.; Patterson S.; Stojanovski L.; Simeons F.R.; Norval S.; Kime R.; Read K.D.; Fairlamb A.H.; The anti-trypanosome drug fexinidazole shows potential for treating visceral leishmaniasis. Sci Transl Med 2012,4(119)","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref=42","unstructured":"DNDi. Fexinidazole \/ miltefosine combination (VL).(Accessed Mar. 13 2018)."},{"key":"ref=43","year":"2017","unstructured":"Progress through partnership DNDi 2017","journal-title":"Progress through partnership"},{"key":"ref=44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811668","volume":"77","author":"Raether W.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Raether W.; Seidenath H.; The activity of fexinidazole (HOE 239) against experimental infections with Trypanosoma cruzi, trichomonads and Entamoeba histolytica. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1983,77(1),13-26","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001870","volume":"6","author":"Bahia M.T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bahia M.T.; de Andrade I.M.; Martins T.A.; do Nascimento A.F.; Diniz, Lde.F.; Caldas, I.S.; Talvani, A.; Trunz, B.B.; Torreele, E.; Ribeiro, I. Fexinidazole: a potential new drug candidate for Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012,6(11)","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref=46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02754-13","volume":"58","author":"Bahia M.T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bahia M.T.; Nascimento A.F.; Mazzeti A.L.; Marques L.F.; Gon\u00e7alves K.R.; Mota L.W.; Diniz, Lde.F.; Caldas, I.S.; Talvani, A.; Shackleford, D.M.; Koltun, M.; Saunders, J.; White, K.L.; Scandale, I.; Charman, S.A.; Chatelain, E. Antitrypanosomal activity of fexinidazole metabolites, potential new drug candidates for Chagas disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014,58(8),4362-4370","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref=47","unstructured":"DNDi. Fexinidazole (Chagas).(Accessed March 13 2018)."},{"key":"ref=48","unstructured":"DNDi Drug trial for leading parasitic killer of the americas shows mixed results but provides new evidence for improved therapy. (Accessed March 13 2018)."},{"key":"ref=49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313122","volume":"370","author":"Molina I.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molina I.; G\u00f3mez i Prat J.; Salvador F.; Trevi\u00f1o B.; Sulleiro E.; Serre N.; Pou D.; Roure S.; Cabezos J.; Valerio L.; Blanco-Grau A.; S\u00e1nchez-Montalv\u00e1 A.; Vidal X.; Pahissa A.; Randomized trial of posaconazole and benznidazole for chronic Chagas\u2019 disease. N Engl J Med 2014,370(20),1899-1908","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref=50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.12.023","volume":"69","author":"Morillo C.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morillo C.A.; Waskin H.; Sosa-Estani S.; Del Carmen Bangher M.; Cuneo C.; Milesi R.; Mallagray M.; Apt W.; Beloscar J.; Gascon J.; Molina I.; Echeverria L.E.; Colombo H.; Perez-Molina J.A.; Wyss F.; Meeks B.; Bonilla L.R.; Gao P.; Wei B.; McCarthy M.; Yusuf S.; Benznidazole and posaconazole in eliminating parasites in asymptomatic T. cruzi carriers: The STOP-CHAGAS Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017,69(8),939-947","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref=51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.11.90","volume":"3","author":"Mukherjee T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mukherjee T.; Boshoff H.; Nitroimidazoles for the treatment of TB: past, present and future. Future Med Chem 2011,3(11),1427-1454","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171583","volume":"324","author":"Makarov V.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Makarov V.; Manina G.; Mikusova K.; M\u00f6llmann U.; Ryabova O.; Saint-Joanis B.; Dhar N.; Pasca M.R.; Buroni S.; Lucarelli A.P.; Milano A.; De Rossi E.; Belanova M.; Bobovska A.; Dianiskova P.; Kordulakova J.; Sala C.; Fullam E.; Schneider P.; McKinney J.D.; Brodin P.; Christophe T.; Waddell S.; Butcher P.; Albrethsen J.; Rosenkrands I.; Brosch R.; Nandi V.; Bharath S.; Gaonkar S.; Shandil R.K.; Balasubramanian V.; Balganesh T.; Tyagi S.; Grosset J.; Riccardi G.; Cole S.T.; Benzothiazinones kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis by blocking arabinan synthesis. Science 2009,324(5928),801-804","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref=53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/35016103","volume":"405","author":"Stover C.K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stover C.K.; Warrener P.; VanDevanter D.R.; Sherman D.R.; Arain T.M.; Langhorne M.H.; Anderson S.W.; Towell J.A.; Yuan Y.; McMurray D.N.; Kreiswirth B.N.; Barry C.E.; Baker W.R.; A small-molecule nitroimidazopyran drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis. Nature 2000,405(6789),962-966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref=54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030466","volume":"3","author":"Matsumoto M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matsumoto M.; Hashizume H.; Tomishige T.; Kawasaki M.; Tsubouchi H.; Sasaki H.; Shimokawa Y.; Komatsu M.; OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice. PLoS Med 2006,3(11)","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref=55","unstructured":"New potential TB drugs to be investigated against multiple neglected diseases DNDi(Accessed Mar. 13 2018).","journal-title":"New potential TB drugs to be investigated against multiple neglected diseases"},{"key":"ref=56","author":"Alliance T.B.","unstructured":"Alliance T.B.; Pretomanid(Accessed Mar. 13 2018)."},{"key":"ref=57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00722-13","volume":"57","author":"Patterson S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patterson S.; Wyllie S.; Stojanovski L.; Perry M.R.; Simeons F.R.; Norval S.; Osuna-Cabello M.; De Rycker M.; Read K.D.; Fairlamb A.H.; The R enantiomer of the antitubercular drug PA-824 as a potential oral treatment for visceral Leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013,57(10),4699-4706","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref=58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08404.x","volume":"279","author":"Gurumurthy M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gurumurthy M.; Mukherjee T.; Dowd C.S.; Singh R.; Niyomrattanakit P.; Tay J.A.; Nayyar A.; Lee Y.S.; Cherian J.; Boshoff H.I.; Dick T.; Barry C.E.; Manjunatha U.H.; Substrate specificity of the deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis responsible for the bioreductive activation of bicyclic nitroimidazoles. FEBS J 2012,279(1),113-125","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"ref=59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.10.067","volume":"28","author":"Thompson A.M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson A.M.; Marshall A.J.; Maes L.; Yarlett N.; Bacchi C.J.; Gaukel E.; Wring S.A.; Launay D.; Braillard S.; Chatelain E.; Mowbray C.E.; Denny W.A.; Assessment of a pretomanid analogue library for African trypanosomiasis: Hit-to-lead studies on 6-substituted 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine 8-oxides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018,28(2),207-213","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"ref=60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001151","volume":"5","author":"Jacobs R.T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacobs R.T.; Nare B.; Wring S.A.; Orr M.D.; Chen D.; Sligar J.M.; Jenks M.X.; Noe R.A.; Bowling T.S.; Mercer L.T.; Rewerts C.; Gaukel E.; Owens J.; Parham R.; Randolph R.; Beaudet B.; Bacchi C.J.; Yarlett N.; Plattner J.J.; Freund Y.; Ding C.; Akama T.; Zhang Y.K.; Brun R.; Kaiser M.; Scandale I.; Don R.; SCYX-7158, an orally-active benzoxaborole for the treatment of stage 2 human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011,5(6)","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref=61","unstructured":"DNDi. SCYX-2035811.(Accessed Feb. 2 2018)."},{"key":"ref=62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku422","volume":"70","author":"Gupta S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta S.; Yardley V.; Vishwakarma P.; Shivahare R.; Sharma B.; Launay D.; Martin D.; Puri S.K.; Nitroimidazo-oxazole compound DNDI-VL-2098: an orally effective preclinical drug candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015,70(2),518-527","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref=63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01699","volume":"59","author":"Thompson A.M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thompson A.M.; O\u2019Connor P.D.; Blaser A.; Yardley V.; Maes L.; Gupta S.; Launay D.; Martin D.; Franzblau S.G.; Wan B.; Wang Y.; Ma Z.; Denny W.A.; Repositioning antitubercular 6-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazoles for neglected tropical diseases: structure-activity studies on a preclinical candidate for visceral leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2016,59(6),2530-2550","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2014.09.006","volume":"65","author":"Mukkavilli R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mukkavilli R.; Pinjari J.; Patel B.; Sengottuvelan S.; Mondal S.; Gadekar A.; Verma M.; Patel J.; Pothuri L.; Chandrashekar G.; Koiram P.; Harisudhan T.; Moinuddin A.; Launay D.; Vachharajani N.; Ramanathan V.; Martin D.; In vitro metabolism, disposition, preclinical pharmacokinetics and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of DNDI-VL-2098, a potential oral treatment for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014,65,147-155","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref=65","unstructured":"DNDi. VL-2098.(Accessed Mar. 13 2018)."},{"key":"ref=66","first-page":"92","volume":"76","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shashiprabha, ; Nayak, S.P.; Rao, K.S.; Nagarajan, K.; Shridhara, K.; Torreele, E.; Trunz, B.B. Shashiprabha; Nayak, S. P.; Rao, K. S.; Nagarajan, K.; Shridhara, K.; Torreele, E.; Trunz, B. B. Nitroimidazooxazoles(#) part xxiv, Search for antileishmanial agents: 2,3-dihydro-6- nitroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazoles as potential antileishmanial agents. Indian J Pharm Sci 2014,76(1),92-95","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref=67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0241-5","volume":"74","author":"Ryan N.J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ryan N.J.; Lo J.H.; Delamanid: first global approval. Drugs 2014,74(9),1041-1045","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref=68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5e09744","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09744","author":"Patterson S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patterson S.; Wyllie S.; Norval S.; Stojanovski L.; Simeons F.R.C.; Auer J.L.; Osuna-Cabello M.; Read K.D.; Fairlamb A.H.; The anti-tubercular drug delamanid as a potential oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. eLife 2016,5e09744","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref=69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005971","volume":"12","author":"Wyllie S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wyllie S.; Roberts A.J.; Norval S.; Patterson S.; Foth B.J.; Berriman M.; Read K.D.; Fairlamb A.H.; Activation of bicyclic nitro-drugs by a novel nitroreductase (NTR2) in Leishmania. PLoS Pathog 2016,12(11)","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref=70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3287","volume":"9","author":"Smith D.A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith D.A.; Di L.; Kerns E.H.; The effect of plasma protein binding on in vivo efficacy: misconceptions in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010,9(12),929-939","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref=71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.064550","volume":"43","author":"Shimokawa Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shimokawa Y.; Sasahara K.; Koyama N.; Kitano K.; Shibata M.; Yoda N.; Umehara K.; Metabolic mechanism of delamanid, a new anti-tuberculosis drug, in human plasma. Drug Metab Dispos 2015,43(8),1277-1283","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.064527","volume":"43","author":"Sasahara K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sasahara K.; Shimokawa Y.; Hirao Y.; Koyama N.; Kitano K.; Shibata M.; Umehara K.; Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of delamanid, a novel anti-tuberculosis drug, in animals and humans: importance of albumin metabolism in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2015,43(8),1267-1276","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=73","year":"2013","unstructured":"Assessment Report: Deltyba - International non-proprietary name: delamanid 2013","journal-title":"Assessment Report: Deltyba - International non-proprietary name: delamanid"},{"key":"ref=74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057114552623","volume":"20","author":"Lewis M.D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewis M.D.; Francisco A.F.; Taylor M.C.; Kelly J.M.; A new experimental model for assessing drug efficacy against Trypanosoma cruzi infection based on highly sensitive in vivo imaging. J Biomol Screen 2015,20(1),36-43","journal-title":"J Biomol Screen"},{"key":"ref=75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.03.069","volume":"27","author":"Thompson A.M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson A.M.; Blaser A.; Palmer B.D.; Anderson R.F.; Shinde S.S.; Launay D.; Chatelain E.; Maes L.; Franzblau S.G.; Wan B.; Wang Y.; Ma Z.; Denny W.A.; 6-Nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoles: Facile synthesis and comparative appraisal against tuberculosis and neglected tropical diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017,27(11),2583-2589","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"ref=76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00034","volume":"60","author":"Thompson A.M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson A.M.; O\u2019Connor P.D.; Marshall A.J.; Yardley V.; Maes L.; Gupta S.; Launay D.; Braillard S.; Chatelain E.; Franzblau S.G.; Wan B.; Wang Y.; Ma Z.; Cooper C.B.; Denny W.A.; 7-Substituted 2-nitro-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines: novel antitubercular agents lead to a new preclinical candidate for visceral leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2017,60(10),4212-4233","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=77","unstructured":"DNDi. DNDI-0690 Nitroimidazole"},{"key":"ref=78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b01581","volume":"61","author":"Thompson A.M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson A.M.; O\u2019Connor P.D.; Marshall A.J.; Blaser A.; Yardley V.; Maes L.; Gupta S.; Launay D.; Braillard S.; Chatelain E.; Wan B.; Franzblau S.G.; Ma Z.; Cooper C.B.; Denny W.A.; Development of (6 R)-2-nitro-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]-6,7-dihydro-5 H-imidazo[2,1- b][1,3]oxazine (DNDI-8219): A new lead for visceral leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2018,61(6),2329-2352","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv417","volume":"71","author":"Bruhn D.F.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bruhn D.F.; Wyllie S.; Rodr\u00edguez-Cort\u00e9s A.; Carrillo A.K.; Rakesh; Guy, R.K.; Fairlamb, A.H.; Lee, R.E. Pentacyclic nitrofurans that rapidly kill nifurtimox-resistant trypanosomes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016,71(4),956-963","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref=80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2017.03.008","volume":"72","author":"Romero A.H.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Romero A.H.; Rodr\u00edguez J.; Garc\u00eda-Marchan Y.; Lea\u00f1ez J.; Serrano-Mart\u00edn X.; L\u00f3pez S.E.; Aryl- or heteroaryl-based hydrazinylphthalazine derivatives as new potential antitrypanosomal agents. Bioorg Chem 2017,72,51-56","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"ref=81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.08.002","volume":"123","author":"Papadopoulou M.V.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Papadopoulou M.V.; Bloomer W.D.; Rosenzweig H.S.; Wilkinson S.R.; Szular J.; Kaiser M.; Nitrotriazole-based acetamides and propanamides with broad spectrum antitrypanosomal activity. Eur J Med Chem 2016,123,895-904","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.03.036","volume":"115","author":"Fonseca-Berzal C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fonseca-Berzal C.; Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Escribano A.; Reviriego F.; Cumella J.; Morales P.; Jagerovic N.; Nogal-Ruiz J.J.; Escario J.A.; da Silva P.B.; Soeiro, Mde.N.; G\u00f3mez-Barrio, A.; Ar\u00e1n, V.J. Antichagasic and trichomonacidal activity of 1-substituted 2-benzyl-5-nitroindazolin-3-ones and 3-alkoxy-2-benzyl-5-nitro-2H-indazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2016,115,295-310","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=83","first-page":"1753","volume":"10","author":"Dikhit M.R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dikhit M.R.; Purkait B.; Singh R.; Sahoo B.R.; Kumar A.; Kar R.K.; Ansari M.Y.; Saini S.; Abhishek K.; Sahoo G.C.; Das S.; Das P.; Activity of a novel sulfonamide compound 2-nitro-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)benzenesulfona-mide against Leishmania donovani. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016,10,1753-1761","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"ref=84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.10.034","volume":"106","author":"Olmo F.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olmo F.; G\u00f3mez-Contreras F.; Navarro P.; Mar\u00edn C.; Yunta M.J.; Cano C.; Campayo L.; Mart\u00edn-Oliva D.; Rosales M.J.; S\u00e1nchez-Moreno M.; Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal properties of a new imidazole-containing nitrophthalazine derivative. Eur J Med Chem 2015,106,106-119","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1021\/jm5015742","volume":"58","author":"Papadopoulou M.V.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Papadopoulou M.V.; Bloomer W.D.; Lepesheva G.I.; Rosenzweig H.S.; Kaiser M.; Aguilera-Venegas B.; Wilkinson S.R.; Chatelain E.; Ioset J.R.; Novel 3-nitrotriazole-based amides and carbinols as bifunctional antichagasic agents. J Med Chem 2015,58(3),1307-1319","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1021\/jm301215e","volume":"56","author":"Zhou L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou L.; Stewart G.; Rideau E.; Westwood N.J.; Smith T.K.; A class of 5-nitro-2-furancarboxylamides with potent trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei in vitro. J Med Chem 2013,56(3),796-806","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.01.071","volume":"46","author":"Trunz B.B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trunz B.B.; J\u0119drysiak R.; Tweats D.; Brun R.; Kaiser M.; Suwi\u0144ski J.; Torreele E.; 1-Aryl-4-nitro-1H-imidazoles, a new promising series for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Eur J Med Chem 2011,46(5),1524-1535","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.04.010","volume":"117","author":"Papadopoulou M.V.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Papadopoulou M.V.; Bloomer W.D.; Rosenzweig H.S.; Wilkinson S.R.; Szular J.; Kaiser M.; Antitrypanosomal activity of 5-nitro-2-aminothiazole-based compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2016,117,179-186","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref=89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(79)90251-0","volume":"197","author":"Docampo R.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Docampo R.; Stoppani A.O.; Generation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide induced by nifurtimox in Trypanosoma cruzi. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979,197(1),317-321","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref=90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(81)90204-5","volume":"30","author":"Docampo R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Docampo R.; Moreno S.N.J.; Stoppani A.O.M.; Leon W.; Cruz F.S.; Villalta F.; Muniz R.F.; Mechanism of nifurtimox toxicity in different forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochem Pharmacol 1981,30(14),1947-1951","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)82140-1","volume":"259","author":"Moreno S.N.J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moreno S.N.J.; Mason R.P.; Docampo R.; Reduction of nifurtimox and nitrofurantoin to free radical metabolites by rat liver mitochondria. Evidence of an outer membrane-located nitroreductase. J Biol Chem 1984,259(10),6298-6305","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.2.223","volume":"6","author":"Docampo R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Docampo R.; Moreno S.N.J.; Free radical metabolites in the mode of action of chemotherapeutic agents and phagocytic cells on Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev Infect Dis 1984,6(2),223-238","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref=93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00264-6","volume":"58","author":"Blumenstiel K.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blumenstiel K.; Sch\u00f6neck R.; Yardley V.; Croft S.L.; Krauth-Siegel R.L.; Nitrofuran drugs as common subversive substrates of Trypanosoma cruzi lipoamide dehydrogenase and trypanothione reductase. Biochem Pharmacol 1999,58(11),1791-1799","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(98)00324-4","volume":"57","author":"Viod\u00e9 C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Viod\u00e9 C.; Bettache N.; Cenas N.; Krauth-Siegel R.L.; Chauvi\u00e8re G.; Bakalara N.; P\u00e9ri\u00e9 J.; Enzymatic reduction studies of nitroheterocycles. Biochem Pharmacol 1999,57(5),549-557","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5374","volume":"85","author":"Henderson G.B.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Henderson G.B.; Ulrich P.; Fairlamb A.H.; Rosenberg I.; Pereira M.; Sela M.; Cerami A.; \u201cSubversive\u201d substrates for the enzyme trypanothione disulfide reductase: alternative approach to chemotherapy of Chagas disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988,85(15),5374-5378","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020885","volume":"196","author":"Kubata B.K.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kubata B.K.; Kabututu Z.; Nozaki T.; Munday C.J.; Fukuzumi S.; Ohkubo K.; Lazarus M.; Maruyama T.; Martin S.K.; Duszenko M.; Urade Y.; A key role for old yellow enzyme in the metabolism of drugs by Trypanosoma cruzi. J Exp Med 2002,196(9),1241-1251","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref=97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.04.003","volume":"30","author":"Patterson S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patterson S.; Wyllie S.; Nitro drugs for the treatment of trypanosomatid diseases: past, present, and future prospects. Trends Parasitol 2014,30(6),289-298","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112642","volume":"309","author":"Berriman M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berriman M.; Ghedin E.; Hertz-Fowler C.; Blandin G.; Renauld H.; Bartholomeu D.C.; Lennard N.J.; Caler E.; Hamlin N.E.; Haas B.; B\u00f6hme U.; Hannick L.; Aslett M.A.; Shallom J.; Marcello L.; Hou L.; Wickstead B.; Alsmark U.C.; Arrowsmith C.; Atkin R.J.; Barron A.J.; Bringaud F.; Brooks K.; Carrington M.; Cherevach I.; Chillingworth T.J.; Churcher C.; Clark L.N.; Corton C.H.; Cronin A.; Davies R.M.; Doggett J.; Djikeng A.; Feldblyum T.; Field M.C.; Fraser A.; Goodhead I.; Hance Z.; Harper D.; Harris B.R.; Hauser H.; Hostetler J.; Ivens A.; Jagels K.; Johnson D.; Johnson J.; Jones K.; Kerhornou A.X.; Koo H.; Larke N.; Landfear S.; Larkin C.; Leech V.; Line A.; Lord A.; Macleod A.; Mooney P.J.; Moule S.; Martin D.M.; Morgan G.W.; Mungall K.; Norbertczak H.; Ormond D.; Pai G.; Peacock C.S.; Peterson J.; Quail M.A.; Rabbinowitsch E.; Rajandream M.A.; Reitter C.; Salzberg S.L.; Sanders M.; Schobel S.; Sharp S.; Simmonds M.; Simpson A.J.; Tallon L.; Turner C.M.; Tait A.; Tivey A.R.; Van Aken S.; Walker D.; Wanless D.; Wang S.; White B.; White O.; Whitehead S.; Woodward J.; Wortman J.; Adams M.D.; Embley T.M.; Gull K.; Ullu E.; Barry J.D.; Fairlamb A.H.; Opperdoes F.; Barrell B.G.; Donelson J.E.; Hall N.; Fraser C.M.; Melville S.E.; El-Sayed N.M.; The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Science 2005,309(5733),416-422","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref=99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112181","volume":"309","author":"El-Sayed N.M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"El-Sayed N.M.; Myler P.J.; Blandin G.; Berriman M.; Crabtree J.; Aggarwal G.; Caler E.; Renauld H.; Worthey E.A.; Hertz-Fowler C.; Ghedin E.; Peacock C.; Bartholomeu D.C.; Haas B.J.; Tran A.N.; Wortman J.R.; Alsmark U.C.M.; Angiuoli S.; Anupama A.; Badger J.; Bringaud F.; Cadag E.; Carlton J.M.; Cerqueira G.C.; Creasy T.; Delcher A.L.; Djikeng A.; Embley T.M.; Hauser C.; Ivens A.C.; Kummerfeld S.K.; Pereira-Leal J.B.; Nilsson D.; Peterson J.; Salzberg S.L.; Shallom J.; Silva J.C.; Sundaram J.; Westenberger S.; White O.; Melville S.E.; Donelson J.E.; Andersson B.; Stuart K.D.; Hall N.; Comparative genomics of trypanosomatid parasitic protozoa. Science 2005,309(5733),404-409","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref=100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112680","volume":"309","author":"Ivens A.C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ivens A.C.; Peacock C.S.; Worthey E.A.; Murphy L.; Aggarwal G.; Berriman M.; Sisk E.; Rajandream M.A.; Adlem E.; Aert R.; Anupama A.; Apostolou Z.; Attipoe P.; Bason N.; Bauser C.; Beck A.; Beverley S.M.; Bianchettin G.; Borzym K.; Bothe G.; Bruschi C.V.; Collins M.; Cadag E.; Ciarloni L.; Clayton C.; Coulson R.M.; Cronin A.; Cruz A.K.; Davies R.M.; De Gaudenzi J.; Dobson D.E.; Duesterhoeft A.; Fazelina G.; Fosker N.; Frasch A.C.; Fraser A.; Fuchs M.; Gabel C.; Goble A.; Goffeau A.; Harris D.; Hertz-Fowler C.; Hilbert H.; Horn D.; Huang Y.; Klages S.; Knights A.; Kube M.; Larke N.; Litvin L.; Lord A.; Louie T.; Marra M.; Masuy D.; Matthews K.; Michaeli S.; Mottram J.C.; M\u00fcller-Auer S.; Munden H.; Nelson S.; Norbertczak H.; Oliver K.; O\u2019neil S.; Pentony M.; Pohl T.M.; Price C.; Purnelle B.; Quail M.A.; Rabbinowitsch E.; Reinhardt R.; Rieger M.; Rinta J.; Robben J.; Robertson L.; Ruiz J.C.; Rutter S.; Saunders D.; Sch\u00e4fer M.; Schein J.; Schwartz D.C.; Seeger K.; Seyler A.; Sharp S.; Shin H.; Sivam D.; Squares R.; Squares S.; Tosato V.; Vogt C.; Volckaert G.; Wambutt R.; Warren T.; Wedler H.; Woodward J.; Zhou S.; Zimmermann W.; Smith D.F.; Blackwell J.M.; Stuart K.D.; Barrell B.; Myler P.J.; The genome of the kinetoplastid parasite, Leishmania major. Science 2005,309(5733),436-442","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref=101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711014105","volume":"105","author":"Wilkinson S.R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilkinson S.R.; Taylor M.C.; Horn D.; Kelly J.M.; Cheeseman I.; A mechanism for cross-resistance to nifurtimox and benznidazole in trypanosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008,105(13),5022-5027","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13088","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.230847","volume":"286","author":"Hall B.S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hall B.S.; Bot C.; Wilkinson S.R.; Nifurtimox activation by trypanosomal type I nitroreductases generates cytotoxic nitrile metabolites. J Biol Chem 2011,286(15),13088-13095","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3883489","volume":"227","author":"Fairlamb A.H.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fairlamb A.H.; Blackburn P.; Ulrich P.; Chait B.T.; Cerami A.; Trypanothione: a novel bis(glutathionyl)spermidine cofactor for glutathione reductase in trypanosomatids. Science 1985,227(4693),1485-1487","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref=104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm.1997.378.8.827","volume":"378","author":"Nogoceke E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nogoceke E.; Gommel D.U.; Kiess M.; Kalisz H.M.; Floh\u00e9 L.; A unique cascade of oxidoreductases catalyses trypanothione-mediated peroxide metabolism in Crithidia fasciculata. Biol Chem 1997,378(8),827-836","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(87)90113-7","volume":"24","author":"Henderson G.B.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Henderson G.B.; Fairlamb A.H.; Cerami A.; Trypanothione dependent peroxide metabolism in Crithidia fasciculata and Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1987,24(1),39-45","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.02.009","volume":"79","author":"Boiani M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boiani M.; Piacenza L.; Hern\u00e1ndez P.; Boiani L.; Cerecetto H.; Gonz\u00e1lez M.; Denicola A.; Mode of action of nifurtimox and N-oxide-containing heterocycles against Trypanosoma cruzi: is oxidative stress involved? Biochem Pharmacol 2010,79(12),1736-1745","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(96)00112-5","volume":"115","author":"Repetto Y.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Repetto Y.; Opazo E.; Maya J.D.; Agosin M.; Morello A.; Glutathione and trypanothione in several strains of Trypanosoma cruzi: effect of drugs. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996,115(2),281-285","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref=108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(85)90684-7","volume":"34","author":"Goijman S.G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Goijman S.G.; Frasch A.C.C.; Stoppani A.O.M.; Damage of Trypanosoma cruzi deoxyribonucleic acid by nitroheterocyclic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 1985,34(9),1457-1461","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90127-1","volume":"21","author":"Barreto-Bergter E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Barreto-Bergter E.; Hogge L.; Steele da Cruz F.; Lipid alterations induced by nifurtimox in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1986,21(3),221-226","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01941187","volume":"44","year":"1988","unstructured":"D\u00edaz de Toranzo E.G.; Castro, J.A.; Franke de Cazzulo, B.M.; Cazzulo, J.J. Interaction of benznidazole reactive metabolites with nuclear and kinetoplastic DNA, proteins and lipids from Trypanosoma cruzi. Experientia 1988,44(10),880-881","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref=111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02837-X","volume":"86","author":"Maya J.D.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maya J.D.; Repetto Y.; Agos\u00edn M.; Ojeda J.M.; Tellez R.; Gaule C.; Morello A.; Effects of nifurtimox and benznidazole upon glutathione and trypanothione content in epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997,86(1),101-106","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05135-11","volume":"56","author":"Hall B.S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hall B.S.; Wilkinson S.R.; Activation of benznidazole by trypanosomal type I nitroreductases results in glyoxal formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012,56(1),115-123","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref=113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1139\/v89-331","volume":"67","author":"Panicucci R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Panicucci R.; McClelland R.A.; 4,5-Dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyimidazoles as products of the reduction of 2-nitroimidazoles. HPLC assay and demonstration of equilibrium transfer of glyoxal to guanine. Can J Chem 1989,67(12),2128-2135","journal-title":"Can J Chem"},{"key":"ref=114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002844","volume":"8","author":"Trochine A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trochine A.; Creek D.J.; Faral-Tello P.; Barrett M.P.; Robello C.; Benznidazole biotransformation and multiple targets in Trypanosoma cruzi revealed by metabolomics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014,8(5)","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref=115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164571","volume":"322","author":"Singh R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singh R.; Manjunatha U.; Boshoff H.I.M.; Ha Y.H.; Niyomrattanakit P.; Ledwidge R.; Dowd C.S.; Lee I.Y.; Kim P.; Zhang L.; Kang S.; Keller T.H.; Jiricek J.; Barry C.E.; PA-824 kills nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis by intracellular NO release. Science 2008,322(5906),1392-1395","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref=116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01040.x","volume":"162","author":"Dogra M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dogra M.; Palmer B.D.; Bashiri G.; Tingle M.D.; Shinde S.S.; Anderson R.F.; O\u2019Toole R.; Baker E.N.; Denny W.A.; Helsby N.A.; Comparative bioactivation of the novel anti-tuberculosis agent PA-824 in Mycobacteria and a subcellular fraction of human liver. Br J Pharmacol 2011,162(1),226-236","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16092","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.92","volume":"1","author":"Fairlamb A.H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fairlamb A.H.; Gow N.A.R.; Matthews K.R.; Waters A.P.; Drug resistance in eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Microbiol 2016,1(7),16092","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"ref=118","first-page":"721","volume":"63","author":"Andrade S.G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Andrade S.G.; Magalh\u00e3es J.B.; Pontes A.L.; Evaluation of chemotherapy with benznidazole and nifurtimox in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains of different types. Bull World Health Organ 1985,63(4),721-726","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref=119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90020-4","volume":"81","author":"Filardi L.S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Filardi L.S.; Brener Z.; Susceptibility and natural resistance of Trypanosoma cruzi strains to drugs used clinically in Chagas disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987,81(5),755-759","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref=120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90156-7","volume":"86","author":"Andrade S.G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Andrade S.G.; Rassi A.; Magalhaes J.B.; Ferriolli Filho F.; Luquetti A.O.; Specific chemotherapy of Chagas disease: a comparison between the response in patients and experimental animals inoculated with the same strains. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992,86(6),624-626","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref=121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90208-8","volume":"82","author":"Neal R.A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Neal R.A.; van Bueren J.; Comparative studies of drug susceptibility of five strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in vivo and in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988,82(5),709-714","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref=122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000700014","volume":"105","author":"Moreno M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moreno M.; D\u2019\u00e1vila D.A.; Silva M.N.; Galv\u00e3o L.M.C.; Macedo A.M.; Chiari E.; Gontijo E.D.; Zingales B.; Trypanosoma cruzi benznidazole susceptibility in vitro does not predict the therapeutic outcome of human Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010,105(7),918-924","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref=123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00251.x","volume":"21","author":"Murta S.M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murta S.M.; Ropert C.; Alves R.O.; Gazzinelli R.T.; Romanha A.J.; In-vivo treatment with benznidazole enhances phagocytosis, parasite destruction and cytokine release by macrophages during infection with a drug-susceptible but not with a derived drug-resistant Trypansoma cruzi population. Parasite Immunol 1999,21(10),535-544","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref=124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12584","volume":"18","author":"Lewis M.D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewis M.D.; Francisco A.F.; Taylor M.C.; Jayawardhana S.; Kelly J.M.; Host and parasite genetics shape a link between Trypanosoma cruzi infection dynamics and chronic cardiomyopathy. Cell Microbiol 2016,18(10),1429-1443","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref=125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.08.008","volume":"19","author":"Tarleton R.L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tarleton R.L.; Chagas disease: a role for autoimmunity? Trends Parasitol 2003,19(10),447-451","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12297","volume":"16","author":"Lewis M.D.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lewis M.D.; Fortes Francisco A.; Taylor M.C.; Burrell-Saward H.; McLatchie A.P.; Miles M.A.; Kelly J.M.; Bioluminescence imaging of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections reveals tissue-specific parasite dynamics and heart disease in the absence of locally persistent infection. Cell Microbiol 2014,16(9),1285-1300","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref=127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-89","volume":"7","author":"Henriques C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Henriques C.; Henriques-Pons A.; Meuser-Batista M.; Ribeiro A.S.; de Souza W.; In vivo imaging of mice infected with bioluminescent Trypanosoma cruzi unveils novel sites of infection. Parasit Vectors 2014,7,89","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref=128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.01.002","volume":"193","author":"Campos M.C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campos M.C.; Leon L.L.; Taylor M.C.; Kelly J.M.; Benznidazole-resistance in Trypanosoma cruzi: evidence that distinct mechanisms can act in concert. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014,193(1),17-19","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis331","volume":"206","author":"Mejia A.M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mejia A.M.; Hall B.S.; Taylor M.C.; G\u00f3mez-Palacio A.; Wilkinson S.R.; Triana-Ch\u00e1vez O.; Kelly J.M.; Benznidazole-resistance in Trypanosoma cruzi is a readily acquired trait that can arise independently in a single population. J Infect Dis 2012,206(2),220-228","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref=130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-169","volume":"4","author":"Mej\u00eda-Jaramillo A.M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mej\u00eda-Jaramillo A.M.; Fern\u00e1ndez G.J.; Palacio L.; Triana-Ch\u00e1vez O.; Gene expression study using real-time PCR identifies an NTR gene as a major marker of resistance to benzonidazole in Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasit Vectors 2011,4,169","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref=131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.12.001","volume":"146","author":"Murta S.M.F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Murta S.M.F.; Krieger M.A.; Montenegro L.R.; Campos F.F.M.; Probst C.M.; Avila A.R.; Muto N.H.; de Oliveira R.C.; Nunes L.R.; Nird\u00e9 P.; Bruna-Romero O.; Goldenberg S.; Romanha A.J.; Deletion of copies of the gene encoding old yellow enzyme (TcOYE), a NAD(P)H flavin oxidoreductase, associates with in vitro-induced benznidazole resistance in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006,146(2),151-162","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1021\/pr700659m","volume":"7","author":"Andrade H.M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrade H.M.; Murta S.M.F.; Chapeaurouge A.; Perales J.; Nird\u00e9 P.; Romanha A.J.; Proteomic analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi resistance to Benznidazole. J Proteome Res 2008,7(6),2357-2367","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref=133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.03.007","volume":"160","author":"Portal P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Portal P.; Fern\u00e1ndez Villamil S.; Alonso G.D.; De Vas M.G.; Flawi\u00e1 M.M.; Torres H.N.; Paveto C.; Multiple NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases from Trypanosoma cruzi suggested role on drug resistance. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008,160(1),42-51","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1264-1","volume":"104","author":"Nogueira F.B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nogueira F.B.; Ruiz J.C.; Robello C.; Romanha A.J.; Murta S.M.F.; Molecular characterization of cytosolic and mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidase in Trypanosoma cruzi populations susceptible and resistant to benznidazole. Parasitol Res 2009,104(4),835-844","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref=135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00127-3","volume":"96","author":"Temperton N.J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Temperton N.J.; Wilkinson S.R.; Meyer D.J.; Kelly J.M.; Overexpression of superoxide dismutase in Trypanosoma cruzi results in increased sensitivity to the trypanocidal agents gentian violet and benznidazole. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998,96(1-2),167-176","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.10.004","volume":"100","author":"Nogueira F.B.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nogueira F.B.; Krieger M.A.; Nird\u00e9 P.; Goldenberg S.; Romanha A.J.; Murta S.M.; Increased expression of iron-containing superoxide dismutase-A (TcFeSOD-A) enzyme in Trypanosoma cruzi population with in vitro-induced resistance to benznidazole. Acta Trop 2006,100(1-2),119-132","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref=137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.03.013","volume":"140","author":"Trochine A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trochine A.; Alvarez G.; Corre S.; Faral-Tello P.; Dur\u00e1n R.; Batthyany C.I.; Cerecetto H.; Gonz\u00e1lez M.; Robello C.; Trypanosoma cruzi chemical proteomics using immobilized benznidazole. Exp Parasitol 2014,140,33-38","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02185-15","volume":"60","author":"Garavaglia P.A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garavaglia P.A.; Laverri\u00e8re M.; Cannata J.J.; Garc\u00eda G.A.; Putative role of the aldo-keto reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi in benznidazole metabolism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016,60(5),2664-2670","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref=139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3398-z","volume":"112","author":"Campos M.C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campos M.C.; Castro-Pinto D.B.; Ribeiro G.A.; Berredo-Pinho M.M.; Gomes L.H.; da Silva Bellieny M.S.; Goulart C.M.; Echevarria A.; Leon L.L.; P-glycoprotein efflux pump plays an important role in Trypanosoma cruzi drug resistance. Parasitol Res 2013,112(6),2341-2351","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref=140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00350-4","volume":"117","author":"Murta S.M.F.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Murta S.M.F.; dos Santos W.G.; Anacleto C.; Nird\u00e9 P.; Moreira E.S.A.; Romanha A.J.; Drug resistance in Trypanosoma cruzi is not associated with amplification or overexpression of P-glycoprotein (PGP) genes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2001,117(2),223-228","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref=141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.07.007","volume":"104","author":"Maina N.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maina N.; Maina K.J.; M\u00e4ser P.; Brun R.; Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolates from Ibba, South Sudan, an area of high melarsoprol treatment failure rate. Acta Trop 2007,104(2-3),84-90","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref=142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.09.003","volume":"100","author":"Likeufack A.C.L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Likeufack A.C.L.; Brun R.; Fomena A.; Truc P.; Comparison of the in vitro drug sensitivity of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense strains from West and Central Africa isolated in the periods 1960-1995 and 1999-2004. Acta Trop 2006,100(1-2),11-16","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref=143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.172981","volume":"336","author":"Jeganathan S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeganathan S.; Sanderson L.; Dogruel M.; Rodgers J.; Croft S.; Thomas S.A.; The distribution of nifurtimox across the healthy and trypanosome-infected murine blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011,336(2),506-515","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref=144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv376","volume":"71","author":"Wyllie S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wyllie S.; Foth B.J.; Kelner A.; Sokolova A.Y.; Berriman M.; Fairlamb A.H.; Nitroheterocyclic drug resistance mechanisms in Trypanosoma brucei. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016,71(3),625-634","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref=145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211798194512","volume":"17","author":"Chung M.C.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chung M.C.; Bosquesi P.L.; dos Santos J.L.; A prodrug approach to improve the physico-chemical properties and decrease the genotoxicity of nitro compounds. Curr Pharm Des 2011,17(32),3515-3526","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref=146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012645460","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/645460","author":"Deavall D.G.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deavall D.G.; Martin E.A.; Horner J.M.; Roberts R.; Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. J Toxicol 2012,2012645460","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"ref=147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.17.9738","volume":"95","author":"Balasubramanian B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Balasubramanian B.; Pogozelski W.K.; Tullius T.D.; DNA strand breaking by the hydroxyl radical is governed by the accessible surface areas of the hydrogen atoms of the DNA backbone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998,95(17),9738-9743","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(00)00064-6","volume":"455","author":"Mortelmans K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mortelmans K.; Zeiger E.; The Ames Salmonella\/microsome mutagenicity assay. Mutat Res 2000,455(1-2),29-60","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"ref=149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.022","volume":"1840","author":"Collins A.R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collins A.R.; Measuring oxidative damage to DNA and its repair with the comet assay. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014,1840(2),794-800","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref=150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s41021-016-0044-x","volume":"38","author":"Hayashi M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayashi M.; The micronucleus test-most widely used in vivo genotoxicity test. Genes Environ 2016,38,18","journal-title":"Genes Environ"},{"key":"ref=151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2015.04.004","volume":"72","author":"Araldi R.P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Araldi R.P.; de Melo T.C.; Mendes T.B.; de S\u00e1 J\u00fanior P.L.; Nozima B.H.; Ito E.T.; de Carvalho R.F.; de Souza E.B.; de Cassia Stocco R.; Using the comet and micronucleus assays for genotoxicity studies: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2015,72,74-82","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"}],"container-title":["Current Medicinal Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/161616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T23:50:56Z","timestamp":1751586656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/161616\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867325666180426164352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-8673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-8673","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2018-01-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-02-01","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-10-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}