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Among them, caffeine and xanthine derivatives are promising drug candidates, because of the possible symptomatic benefits in PD. In fact, consumption of coffee correlates with a reduced risk of PD. Over the last decades, a lot of efforts have been made to uncover the therapeutic potential of xanthine structures. The substituted xanthine molecule is used as a scaffold for the synthesis of new compounds with protective effects in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, asthma, cancer and others. The administration of the xanthines has been proposed as a non-dopaminergic strategy for neuroprotection in PD and the mechanisms of protection have been associated with antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors and Monoamine Oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibition. The current review summarizes frequently suspected non-dopaminergic neuroprotective mechanisms and the possible beneficial effects of the xanthine derivatives in PD, along with some synthetic approaches to produce perspective xanthine derivatives as non-dopaminergic agents in PD treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180821153316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T11:58:31Z","timestamp":1534852711000},"page":"2021-2036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Xanthine Derivatives as Agents Affecting Non-dopaminergic Neuroprotection in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kasabova-Angelova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Tzankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javor","family":"Mitkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Tzankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Zlatkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kondeva-Burdina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","author":"Blaylock R. 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