{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:19:44Z","timestamp":1793042384890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"37","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB07\/08\/0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB07\/08\/0016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16-00139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16-00139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16-00139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16-00139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003751","name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16-00139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16-00139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p>Dietary phytosterols, which comprise plant sterols and stanols, reduce plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when given 2 g\/day. Since this dose has not been reported to cause health-related side effects in long-term human studies, food products containing these plant compounds are used as potential therapeutic dietary options to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering action of phytosterols. They may compete with dietary and biliary cholesterol for micellar solubilization in the intestinal lumen, impairing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Recent evidence indicates that phytosterols may also regulate other pathways. Impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption is usually associated with reduced cholesterol transport to the liver, which may reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into Very-Low- Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, thereby lowering the rate of VLDL assembly and secretion. Impaired liver VLDL production may reduce the rate of LDL production. On the other hand, significant evidence supports a role for plant sterols in the Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion (TICE) pathway, although the exact mechanisms by which they promote the flow of cholesterol from the blood to enterocytes and the intestinal lumen remains unknown. Dietary phytosterols may also alter the conversion of bile acids into secondary bile acids, and may lower the bile acid hydrophobic\/hydrophilic ratio, thereby reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190822154701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T06:04:31Z","timestamp":1566540271000},"page":"6704-6723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Molecular Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol- Lowering Effects of Phytosterols"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"L\u00eddia","family":"Ced\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Farr\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Lee-Rueckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan Carles","family":"Escol\u00e0-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2336","volume":"9","author":"Ikonen E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ikonen E.; Cellular cholesterol trafficking and compartmentalization. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008,9(2),125-138","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref=2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx144","volume":"38","author":"Ference B.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ference B.A.; Ginsberg H.N.; Graham I.; Ray K.K.; Packard C.J.; Bruckert E.; Hegele R.A.; Krauss R.M.; Raal F.J.; Schunkert H.; Watts G.F.; Bor\u00e9n J.; Fazio S.; Horton J.D.; Masana L.; Nicholls S.J.; Nordestgaard B.G.; van de Sluis B.; Taskinen M.R.; Tokg\u00f6zoglu L.; Landmesser U.; Laufs U.; Wiklund O.; Stock J.K.; Chapman M.J.; Catapano A.L.; Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J 2017,38(32),2459-2472","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref=3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.07.745","volume":"70","author":"Lloyd-Jones D.M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones D.M.; Morris P.B.; Ballantyne C.M.; Birtcher K.K.; Daly D.D.; DePalma S.M.; Minissian M.B.; Orringer C.E.; Smith S.C.; Jr. 2017 focused update of the 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American college of cardiology task force on expert consensus decision pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017,70(14),1785-1822","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1410489","volume":"372","author":"Cannon C.P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cannon C.P.; Blazing M.A.; Giugliano R.P.; McCagg A.; White J.A.; Theroux P.; Darius H.; Lewis B.S.; Ophuis T.O.; Jukema J.W.; De Ferrari G.M.; Ruzyllo W.; De Lucca P.; Im, K.; Bohula, E.A.; Reist, C.; Wiviott, S.D.; Tershakovec, A.M.; Musliner, T.A.; Braunwald, E.; Califf, R.M.; IMPROVE-IT investigators. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015,372(25),2387-2397","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref=5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602765","volume":"62","author":"Klingberg S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klingberg S.; Andersson H.; Mulligan A.; Bhaniani A.; Welch A.; Bingham S.; Khaw K.T.; Andersson S.; Elleg\u00e5rd L.; Food sources of plant sterols in the EPIC Norfolk population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008,62(6),695-703","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043","volume":"232","author":"Gylling H.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gylling H.; Plat J.; Turley S.; Ginsberg H.N.; Elleg\u00e5rd L.; Jessup W.; Jones P.J.; L\u00fctjohann D.; Maerz W.; Masana L.; Silbernagel G.; Staels B.; Bor\u00e9n J.; Catapano A.L.; De Backer G.; Deanfield J.; Descamps O.S.; Kovanen P.T.; Riccardi G.; Tokg\u00f6zoglu L.; Chapman M.J.; Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel on Phytosterols2014,232(2),346-360","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref=7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28070","volume":"91","author":"Racette S.B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Racette S.B.; Lin X.; Lefevre M.; Spearie C.A.; Most M.M.; Ma L.; Ostlund R.E.; Jr. Dose effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism: a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010,91(1),32-38","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00976-0","volume":"86","author":"Blair S.N.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blair S.N.; Capuzzi D.M.; Gottlieb S.O.; Nguyen T.; Morgan J.M.; Cater N.B.; Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am J Cardiol 2000,86(1),46-52","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.009","volume":"106","author":"Castro Cabezas M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Castro Cabezas M.; de Vries J.H.; Van Oostrom A.J.; Iestra J.; van Staveren W.A.; Effects of a stanol-enriched diet on plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in patients treated with statins. J Am Diet Assoc 2006,106(10),1564-1569","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"ref=10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E911","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00328.2001","volume":"282","author":"Ostlund R.E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ostlund R.E.; McGill J.B.; Zeng C.M.; Covey D.F.; Stearns J.; Stenson W.F.; Spilburg C.A.; Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics of soy Delta(5)-phytosterols and phytostanols in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002,282(4),E911-E916","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref=11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33370-8","volume":"40","author":"Bosner M.S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bosner M.S.; Lange L.G.; Stenson W.F.; Ostlund R.E.; Jr. Percent cholesterol absorption in normal women and men quantified with dual stable isotopic tracers and negative ion mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 1999,40(2),302-308","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601598","volume":"57","author":"Hendriks H.F.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hendriks H.F.; Brink E.J.; Meijer G.W.; Princen H.M.; Ntanios F.Y.; Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003,57(5),681-692","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref=13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.5.1301","volume":"137","author":"Fransen H.P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fransen H.P.; de Jong N.; Wolfs M.; Verhagen H.; Verschuren W.M.; L\u00fctjohann D.; von Bergmann K.; Plat J.; Mensink R.P.; Customary use of plant sterol and plant stanol enriched margarine is associated with changes in serum plant sterol and stanol concentrations in humans. J Nutr 2007,137(5),1301-1306","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.10.013","volume":"12","author":"Brinton E.A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brinton E.A.; Hopkins P.N.; Hegele R.A.; Geller A.S.; Polisecki E.Y.; Diffenderfer M.R.; Schaefer E.J.; The association between hypercholesterolemia and sitosterolemia, and report of a sitosterolemia kindred. J Clin Lipidol 2018,12(1),152-161","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"ref=15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7965","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095374","volume":"7","author":"Gylling H.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gylling H.; Simonen P.; Phytosterols, phytostanols, and lipoprotein metabolism. Nutrients 2015,7(9),7965-7977","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref=16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2007.10.001","volume":"47","author":"Hovenkamp E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hovenkamp E.; Demonty I.; Plat J.; L\u00fctjohann D.; Mensink R.P.; Trautwein E.A.; Biological effects of oxidized phytosterols: a review of the current knowledge. Prog Lipid Res 2008,47(1),37-49","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.04.008","volume":"1040","author":"Grandgirard A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grandgirard A.; Martine L.; Joffre C.; Juaneda P.; Berdeaux O.; Gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric identification of mixtures of oxyphytosterol and oxycholesterol derivatives application to a phytosterol-enriched food. J Chromatogr A 2004,1040(2),239-250","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"ref=18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20031025","volume":"91","author":"Grandgirard A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grandgirard A.; Martine L.; Demaison L.; Cordelet C.; Joffre C.; Berdeaux O.; Semon E.; Oxyphytosterols are present in plasma of healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 2004,91(1),101-106","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.012","volume":"227","author":"Baumgartner S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumgartner S.; Mensink R.P.; Husche C.; L\u00fctjohann D.; Plat J.; Effects of plant sterol- or stanol-enriched margarine on fasting plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 2013,227(2),414-419","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref=20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.02.035","volume":"86","author":"Baumgartner S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumgartner S.; Mensink R.P.; den Hartog G.; Bast A.; Bekers O.; Husche C.; L\u00fctjohann D.; Plat J.; Oxyphytosterol formation in humans: identification of high vs. low oxidizers. Biochem Pharmacol 2013,86(1),19-25","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2015.01.017","volume":"99","author":"Baumgartner S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baumgartner S.; Mensink R. P.; Konings M.; Schott H. F.; Friedrichs S.; Husche C.; Lutjohann D.; Plat J.; Postprandial plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations after consumption of plant sterol or stanol enriched mixed meals in healthy subjects. Steroids 2015,99(Pt B),281-286","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref=22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2007.049775","volume":"61","author":"Kidambi S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kidambi S.; Patel S.B.; Sitosterolaemia: pathophysiology, clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Clin Pathol 2008,61(5),588-594","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref=23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-014-0424-2","volume":"16","author":"Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.; Quesada H.; Julve J.; Mart\u00edn-Campos J.M.; Ced\u00f3 L.; Blanco-Vaca F.; Sitosterolemia: diagnosis, investigation, and management. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014,16(7),424","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"ref=24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.14.1.77","volume":"14","author":"Dempsey M.E.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Dempsey M.E.; Farquhar J.W.; Smith R.E.; The effect of beta sitosterol on the serum lipids of young men with arteriosclerotic heart disease. Circulation 1956,14(1),77-82","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref=25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511163332002","volume":"333","author":"Miettinen T.A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miettinen T.A.; Puska P.; Gylling H.; Vanhanen H.; Vartiainen E.; Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N Engl J Med 1995,333(20),1308-1312","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref=26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000750","volume":"112","author":"Ras R.T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ras R.T.; Geleijnse J.M.; Trautwein E.A.; LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Br J Nutr 2014,112(2),214-219","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2011.02.001","volume":"85","author":"Musa-Veloso K.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Musa-Veloso K.; Poon T.H.; Elliot J.A.; Chung C.; A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011,85(1),9-28","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref=28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.095125","volume":"139","author":"Demonty I.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Demonty I.; Ras R.T.; van der Knaap H.C.; Duchateau G.S.; Meijer L.; Zock P.L.; Geleijnse J.M.; Trautwein E.A.; Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake. J Nutr 2009,139(2),271-284","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32378-6","volume":"41","author":"Jones P.J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones P.J.; Raeini-Sarjaz M.; Ntanios F.Y.; Vanstone C.A.; Feng J.Y.; Parsons W.E.; Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters. J Lipid Res 2000,41(5),697-705","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2016.08.002","volume":"64","author":"Ferguson J.J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferguson J.J.; Stojanovski E.; MacDonald-Wicks L.; Garg M.L.; Fat type in phytosterol products influence their cholesterol-lowering potential: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Prog Lipid Res 2016,64,16-29","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100722","volume":"56","author":"De Smet E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Smet E.; Mensink R.P.; Plat J.; Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012,56(7),1058-1072","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"ref=32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.004","volume":"219","author":"Liang Y.T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liang Y.T.; Wong W.T.; Guan L.; Tian X.Y.; Ma K.Y.; Huang Y.; Chen Z.Y.; Effect of phytosterols and their oxidation products on lipoprotein profiles and vascular function in hamster fed a high cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis 2011,219(1),124-133","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref=33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002018","volume":"111","author":"Plat J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plat J.; Theuwissen E.; Husche C.; L\u00fctjohann D.; Gijbels M.J.; Jeurissen M.; Shiri-Sverdlov R.; van der Made I.; Mensink R.P.; Oxidised plant sterols as well as oxycholesterol increase the proportion of severe atherosclerotic lesions in female LDL receptor+\/- mice. Br J Nutr 2014,111(1),64-70","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.7.1690","volume":"134","author":"Tomoyori H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tomoyori H.; Kawata Y.; Higuchi T.; Ichi I.; Sato H.; Sato M.; Ikeda I.; Imaizumi K.; Phytosterol oxidation products are absorbed in the intestinal lymphatics in rats but do not accelerate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Nutr 2004,134(7),1690-1696","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw059","volume":"75","author":"Fumeron F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fumeron F.; Bard J.M.; Lecerf J.M.; Interindividual variability in the cholesterol-lowering effect of supplementation with plant sterols or stanols. Nutr Rev 2017,75(2),134-145","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref=36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.SGEJones","volume":"98","author":"Jones P.J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jones P.J.; Inter-individual variability in response to plant sterol and stanol consumption. J AOAC Int 2015,98(3),724-728","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"ref=37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.031905.160725","volume":"69","author":"Wang D.Q.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang D.Q.; Regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Annu Rev Physiol 2007,69,221-248","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref=38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-012-0858-6","volume":"29","author":"Lee S.D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee S.D.; Gershkovich P.; Darlington J.W.; Wasan K.M.; Inhibition of cholesterol absorption: targeting the intestine. Pharm Res 2012,29(12),3235-3250","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"ref=39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2013.04.003","volume":"52","author":"Lee-Rueckert M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee-Rueckert M.; Blanco-Vaca F.; Kovanen P.T.; Escola-Gil J.C.; The role of the gut in reverse cholesterol transport--focus on the enterocyte. Prog Lipid Res 2013,52(3),317-328","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00460a026","volume":"29","author":"Thurnhofer H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thurnhofer H.; Hauser H.; Uptake of cholesterol by small intestinal brush border membrane is protein-mediated. Biochemistry 1990,29(8),2142-2148","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref=41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2011","volume":"92","author":"Abumrad N.A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abumrad N.A.; Davidson N.O.; Role of the gut in lipid homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2012,92(3),1061-1085","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref=42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093131","volume":"303","author":"Altmann S.W.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Altmann S.W.; Davis H.R.; Zhu L.J.; Yao X.; Hoos L.M.; Tetzloff G.; Iyer S.P.; Maguire M.; Golovko A.; Zeng M.; Wang L.; Murgolo N.; Graziano M.P.; Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science 2004,303(5661),1201-1204","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref=43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33586","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405817200","volume":"279","author":"Davis H.R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Davis H.R.; Zhu L.J.; Hoos L.M.; Tetzloff G.; Maguire M.; Liu J.; Yao X.; Iyer S.P.; Lam M.H.; Lund E.G.; Detmers P.A.; Graziano M.P.; Altmann S.W.; Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) is the intestinal phytosterol and cholesterol transporter and a key modulator of whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2004,279(32),33586-33592","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV16007","volume":"24","author":"Yamanashi Y.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamanashi Y.; Takada T.; Kurauchi R.; Tanaka Y.; Komine T.; Suzuki H.; Transporters for the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, vitamin E, and vitamin K. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017,24(4),347-359","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"ref=45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900036-JLR200","volume":"50","author":"Nguyen D.V.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nguyen D.V.; Drover V.A.; Knopfel M.; Dhanasekaran P.; Hauser H.; Phillips M.C.; Influence of class B scavenger receptors on cholesterol flux across the brush border membrane and intestinal absorption. J Lipid Res 2009,50(11),2235-2244","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M057612","volume":"56","author":"Goncalves A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goncalves A.; Gontero B.; Nowicki M.; Margier M.; Masset G.; Amiot M.J.; Reboul E.; Micellar lipid composition affects micelle interaction with class B scavenger receptor extracellular loops. J Lipid Res 2015,56(6),1123-1133","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004278","volume":"4","author":"B\u00e9aslas O.","year":"2009","unstructured":"B\u00e9aslas O.; Cueille C.; Delers F.; Chateau D.; Chambaz J.; Rousset M.; Carri\u00e8re V.; Sensing of dietary lipids by enterocytes: a new role for SR-BI\/CLA-1. PLoS One 2009,4(1)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref=48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-012110-142233","volume":"73","author":"Jia L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jia L.; Betters J.L.; Yu L.; Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein in intestinal and hepatic cholesterol transport. Annu Rev Physiol 2011,73,239-259","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref=49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25088","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.244475","volume":"286","author":"Zhang J.H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang J.H.; Ge L.; Qi W.; Zhang L.; Miao H.H.; Li B.L.; Yang M.; Song B.L.; The N-terminal domain of NPC1L1 protein binds cholesterol and plays essential roles in cholesterol uptake. J Biol Chem 2011,286(28),25088-25097","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.03.065","volume":"486","author":"Kamishikiryo J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamishikiryo J.; Haraguchi M.; Nakashima S.; Tasaka Y.; Narahara H.; Sugihara N.; Nakamura T.; Morita T.; N-terminal domain of the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is essential for \u03b1-tocopherol transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017,486(2),476-480","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref=51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47594","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308235200","volume":"278","author":"Temel R.E.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Temel R.E.; Gebre A.K.; Parks J.S.; Rudel L.L.; Compared with Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) 1 and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, ACAT2 displays the greatest capacity to differentiate cholesterol from sitosterol. J Biol Chem 2003,278(48),47594-47601","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37981-5","volume":"24","author":"Field F.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Field F.J.; Mathur S.N.; beta-sitosterol: esterification by intestinal acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and its effect on cholesterol esterification. J Lipid Res 1983,24(4),409-417","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.07.002","volume":"12","author":"Lo Sasso G.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lo Sasso G.; Murzilli S.; Salvatore L.; D\u2019Errico I.; Petruzzelli M.; Conca P.; Jiang Z.Y.; Calabresi L.; Parini P.; Moschetta A.; Intestinal specific LXR activation stimulates reverse cholesterol transport and protects from atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2010,12(2),187-193","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref=54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02529.x","volume":"272","author":"Hu X.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hu X.; Steffensen K.R.; Jiang Z.Y.; Parini P.; Gustafsson J.A.; G\u00e5fvels M.; Eggertsen G.; LXR\u03b2 activation increases intestinal cholesterol absorption, leading to an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. J Intern Med 2012,272(5),452-464","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref=55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8742","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411080200","volume":"280","author":"Yu L.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yu L.; Gupta S.; Xu F.; Liverman A.D.; Moschetta A.; Mangelsdorf D.J.; Repa J.J.; Hobbs H.H.; Cohen J.C.; Expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 is required for regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion. J Biol Chem 2005,280(10),8742-8747","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M054544","volume":"56","author":"Wang J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang J.; Mitsche M.A.; L\u00fctjohann D.; Cohen J.C.; Xie X.S.; Hobbs H.H.; Relative roles of ABCG5\/ABCG8 in liver and intestine. J Lipid Res 2015,56(2),319-330","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23250","volume":"120","author":"Drobnik W.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Drobnik W.; Lindenthal B.; Lieser B.; Ritter M.; Christiansen Weber T.; Liebisch G.; Giesa U.; Igel M.; Borsukova H.; B\u00fcchler C.; Fung-Leung W.P.; Von Bergmann K.; Schmitz G.; ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) affects total body sterol metabolism. Gastroenterology 2001,120(5),1203-1211","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref=58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.8.4245","volume":"97","author":"McNeish J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"McNeish J.; Aiello R.J.; Guyot D.; Turi T.; Gabel C.; Aldinger C.; Hoppe K.L.; Roach M.L.; Royer L.J.; de Wet J.; Broccardo C.; Chimini G.; Francone O.L.; High density lipoprotein deficiency and foam cell accumulation in mice with targeted disruption of ATP-binding cassette transporter-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000,97(8),4245-4250","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500232-JLR200","volume":"46","author":"Temel R.E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Temel R.E.; Lee R.G.; Kelley K.L.; Davis M.A.; Shah R.; Sawyer J.K.; Wilson M.D.; Rudel L.L.; Intestinal cholesterol absorption is substantially reduced in mice deficient in both ABCA1 and ACAT2. J Lipid Res 2005,46(11),2423-2431","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30432","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.501247","volume":"288","author":"Iqbal J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iqbal J.; Parks J.S.; Hussain M.M.; Lipid absorption defects in intestine-specific microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2013,288(42),30432-30444","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508483103","volume":"103","author":"Cohen J.C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cohen J.C.; Pertsemlidis A.; Fahmi S.; Esmail S.; Vega G.L.; Grundy S.M.; Hobbs H.H.; Multiple rare variants in NPC1L1 associated with reduced sterol absorption and plasma low-density lipoprotein levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006,103(6),1810-1815","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7397","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.178368","volume":"286","author":"Wang L.J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang L.J.; Wang J.; Li N.; Ge L.; Li B.L.; Song B.L.; Molecular characterization of the NPC1L1 variants identified from cholesterol low absorbers. J Biol Chem 2011,286(9),7397-7408","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G369","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00306.2006","volume":"292","author":"Alrefai W.A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alrefai W.A.; Annaba F.; Sarwar Z.; Dwivedi A.; Saksena S.; Singla A.; Dudeja P.K.; Gill R.K.; Modulation of human Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 gene expression by sterol: Role of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007,292(1),G369-G376","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref=64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900274-JLR200","volume":"51","author":"Pramfalk C.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pramfalk C.; Jiang Z.Y.; Cai Q.; Hu H.; Zhang S.D.; Han T.Q.; Eriksson M.; Parini P.; HNF1alpha and SREBP2 are important regulators of NPC1L1 in human liver. J Lipid Res 2010,51(6),1354-1362","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9496-9","volume":"25","author":"Iwayanagi Y.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iwayanagi Y.; Takada T.; Suzuki H.; HNF4alpha is a crucial modulator of the cholesterol-dependent regulation of NPC1L1. Pharm Res 2008,25(5),1134-1141","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"ref=66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2015.48.9.253","volume":"48","author":"Lee E.S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee E.S.; Seo H.J.; Back S.S.; Han S.H.; Jeong Y.J.; Lee J.W.; Choi S.Y.; Han K.; Transcriptional regulation of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 gene by liver receptor homolog-1. BMB Rep 2015,48(9),513-518","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"ref=67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6774","volume":"16","author":"Lin J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin J.; Shao W.Q.; Chen Q.Z.; Zhu W.W.; Lu L.; Jia H.L.; Chen J.H.; Osteopontin deficiency protects mice from cholesterol gallstone formation by reducing expression of intestinal NPC1L1. Mol Med Rep 2017,16(2),1785-1792","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"ref=68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38604-1","volume":"28","author":"Armstrong M.J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Armstrong M.J.; Carey M.C.; Thermodynamic and molecular determinants of sterol solubilities in bile salt micelles. J Lipid Res 1987,28(10),1144-1155","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38403-0","volume":"29","author":"Ikeda I.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ikeda I.; Tanaka K.; Sugano M.; Vahouny G.V.; Gallo L.L.; Inhibition of cholesterol absorption in rats by plant sterols. J Lipid Res 1988,29(12),1573-1582","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2003.09.015","volume":"127","author":"Mel\u2019nikov S.M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mel\u2019nikov S.M.; Seijen ten Hoorn J.W.; Eijkelenboom A.P.; Effect of phytosterols and phytostanols on the solubilization of cholesterol by dietary mixed micelles: an in vitro study. Chem Phys Lipids 2004,127(2),121-141","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"ref=71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1009","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00446.2001","volume":"282","author":"Nissinen M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nissinen M.; Gylling H.; Vuoristo M.; Miettinen T.A.; Micellar distribution of cholesterol and phytosterols after duodenal plant stanol ester infusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002,282(6),G1009-G1015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref=72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2003.08.007","volume":"127","author":"Mel\u2019nikov S.M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mel\u2019nikov S.M.; Seijen ten Hoorn J.W.; Bertrand B.; Can cholesterol absorption be reduced by phytosterols and phytostanols via a cocrystallization mechanism? Chem Phys Lipids 2004,127(1),15-33","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"ref=73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R200013-JLR200","volume":"43","author":"Hui D.Y.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hui D.Y.; Howles P.N.; Carboxyl ester lipase: structure-function relationship and physiological role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2002,43(12),2017-2030","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7196","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.12.7196","volume":"271","author":"Howles P.N.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Howles P.N.; Carter C.P.; Hui D.Y.; Dietary free and esterified cholesterol absorption in cholesterol esterase (bile salt-stimulated lipase) gene-targeted mice. J Biol Chem 1996,271(12),7196-7202","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1021\/bi981679a","volume":"38","author":"Weng W.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weng W.; Li L.; van Bennekum A.M.; Potter S.H.; Harrison E.H.; Blaner W.S.; Breslow J.L.; Fisher E.A.; Intestinal absorption of dietary cholesteryl ester is decreased but retinyl ester absorption is normal in carboxyl ester lipase knockout mice. Biochemistry 1999,38(13),4143-4149","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref=76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(83)90243-2","volume":"732","author":"Ikeda I.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ikeda I.; Sugano M.; Some aspects of mechanism of inhibition of cholesterol absorption by beta-sitosterol. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983,732(3),651-658","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref=77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/98.4.435","volume":"98","author":"Konlande J.E.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Konlande J.E.; Fisher H.; Evidence for a nonabsorptive antihypercholesterolemic action of phytosterols in the chicken. J Nutr 1969,98(4),435-442","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(01)00175-9","volume":"12","author":"Vanstone C.A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vanstone C.A.; Raeini-Sarjaz M.; Jones P.J.; Injected phytosterols\/stanols suppress plasma cholesterol levels in hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 2001,12(10),565-574","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref=79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601071","volume":"54","author":"Plat J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Plat J.; van Onselen E.N.; van Heugten M.M.; Mensink R.P.; Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000,54(9),671-677","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref=80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.57","volume":"76","author":"Matvienko O.A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matvienko O.A.; Lewis D.S.; Swanson M.; Arndt B.; Rainwater D.L.; Stewart J.; Alekel D.L.; A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2002,76(1),57-64","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref=81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719742","volume":"27","author":"Rudkowska I.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rudkowska I.; AbuMweis S.S.; Nicolle C.; Jones P.J.; Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant sterols in low-fat yogurt consumed as a snack or with a meal. J Am Coll Nutr 2008,27(5),588-595","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref=82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200600792","volume":"7","author":"Calpe-Berdiel L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Calpe-Berdiel L.; Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.; Julve J.; Zapico-Mu\u00f1iz E.; Canals F.; Blanco-Vaca F.; Differential intestinal mucosal protein expression in hypercholesterolemic mice fed a phytosterol-enriched diet. Proteomics 2007,7(15),2659-2666","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref=83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400441101","volume":"101","author":"Smart E.J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smart E.J.; De Rose R.A.; Farber S.A.; Annexin 2-caveolin 1 complex is a target of ezetimibe and regulates intestinal cholesterol transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004,101(10),3450-3455","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28103","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M504609200","volume":"280","author":"Valasek M.A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Valasek M.A.; Weng J.; Shaul P.W.; Anderson R.G.; Repa J.J.; Caveolin-1 is not required for murine intestinal cholesterol transport. J Biol Chem 2005,280(30),28103-28109","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2009.10.016","volume":"29","author":"Jesch E.D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jesch E.D.; Seo J.M.; Carr T.P.; Lee J.Y.; Sitosterol reduces messenger RNA and protein expression levels of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 in FHs 74 Int cells. Nutr Res 2009,29(12),859-866","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref=86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500260-JLR200","volume":"46","author":"Jakulj L.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jakulj L.; Trip M.D.; Sudhop T.; von Bergmann K.; Kastelein J.J.; Vissers M.N.; Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by the combination of dietary plant sterols and ezetimibe: effects on plasma lipid levels. J Lipid Res 2005,46(12),2692-2698","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2016.0042","volume":"20","author":"Gomes G.B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomes G.B.; Zazula A.D.; Shigueoka L.S.; Fedato R.A.; da Costa A.B.; Guarita-Souza L.C.; Baena C.P.; Olandoski M.; Faria-Neto J.R.; A randomized open-label trial to assess the effect of plant sterols associated with ezetimibe in low-density lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary artery disease on statin therapy. J Med Food 2017,20(1),30-36","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"ref=88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.006692","volume":"124","author":"Lin X.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin X.; Racette S.B.; Lefevre M.; Ma L.; Spearie C.A.; Steger-May K.; Ostlund R.E.; Jr. Combined effects of ezetimibe and phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism: a randomized, controlled feeding study in humans. Circulation 2011,124(5),596-601","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref=89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.11.025","volume":"181","author":"Calpe-Berdiel L.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Calpe-Berdiel L.; Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.; Ribas V.; Navarro-Sastre A.; Garc\u00e9s-Garc\u00e9s J.; Blanco-Vaca F.; Changes in intestinal and liver global gene expression in response to a phytosterol-enriched diet. Atherosclerosis 2005,181(1),75-85","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref=90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.8.2135","volume":"136","author":"Pl\u00f6sch T.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pl\u00f6sch T.; Kruit J.K.; Bloks V.W.; Huijkman N.C.; Havinga R.; Duchateau G.S.; Lin Y.; Kuipers F.; Reduction of cholesterol absorption by dietary plant sterols and stanols in mice is independent of the Abcg5\/8 transporter. J Nutr 2006,136(8),2135-2140","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400208-JLR200","volume":"45","author":"Field F.J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Field F.J.; Born E.; Mathur S.N.; Stanol esters decrease plasma cholesterol independently of intestinal ABC sterol transporters and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein gene expression. J Lipid Res 2004,45(12),2252-2259","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.02.012","volume":"19","author":"Jain D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jain D.; Ebine N.; Jia X.; Kassis A.; Marinangeli C.; Fortin M.; Beech R.; Hicks K.B.; Moreau R.A.; Kubow S.; Jones P.J.; Corn fiber oil and sitostanol decrease cholesterol absorption independently of intestinal sterol transporters in hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 2008,19(4),229-236","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref=93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509991656","volume":"103","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez J.; S\u00fcren-Castillo S.; Calpe-Berdiel L.; Rotllan N.; V\u00e1zquez-Carrera M.; Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.; Blanco-Vaca F.; Disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate (FM-VP4), a modified phytostanol, is a highly active hypocholesterolaemic agent that affects the enterohepatic circulation of both cholesterol and bile acids in mice. Br J Nutr 2010,103(2),153-160","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37447-2","volume":"38","author":"Field F.J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Field F.J.; Born E.; Mathur S.N.; Effect of micellar beta-sitosterol on cholesterol metabolism in CaCo-2 cells. J Lipid Res 1997,38(2),348-360","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29532","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.49.29532","volume":"270","author":"Chang C.C.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chang C.C.; Chen J.; Thomas M.A.; Cheng D.; Del Priore V.A.; Newton R.S.; Pape M.E.; Chang T.Y.; Regulation and immunolocalization of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase in mammalian cells as studied with specific antibodies. J Biol Chem 1995,270(49),29532-29540","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.031","volume":"182","author":"Ho S.S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ho S.S.; Pal S.; Margarine phytosterols decrease the secretion of atherogenic lipoproteins from HepG2 liver and Caco2 intestinal cells. Atherosclerosis 2005,182(1),29-36","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref=97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M052407","volume":"55","author":"Schonewille M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schonewille M.; Brufau G.; Shiri-Sverdlov R.; Groen A.K.; Plat J.; Serum TG-lowering properties of plant sterols and stanols are associated with decreased hepatic VLDL secretion. J Lipid Res 2014,55(12),2554-2561","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2000.104459","volume":"135","author":"Honda A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Honda A.; Salen G.; Honda M.; Batta A.K.; Tint G.S.; Xu G.; Chen T.S.; Tanaka N.; Shefer S.; 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity is inhibited by cholesterol and up-regulated by sitosterol in sitosterolemic fibroblasts. J Lab Clin Med 2000,135(2),174-179","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref=99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20011777","volume":"366","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez C.; Su\u00e1rez Y.; Ferruelo A.J.; G\u00f3mez-Coronado D.; Lasunci\u00f3n M.A.; Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by Delta22-unsaturated phytosterols via competitive inhibition of sterol Delta24-reductase in mammalian cells. Biochem J 2002,366(Pt 1),109-119","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref=100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90266-6","volume":"43","author":"Nguyen L.B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nguyen L.B.; Salen G.; Shefer S.; Bullock J.; Chen T.; Tint G.S.; Chowdhary I.R.; Lerner S.; Deficient ileal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in sitosterolemia: sitosterol is not a feedback inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol biosynthesis. Metabolism 1994,43(7),855-859","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref=101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38259-6","volume":"30","author":"Salen G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Salen G.; Shore V.; Tint G.S.; Forte T.; Shefer S.; Horak I.; Horak E.; Dayal B.; Nguyen L.; Batta A.K.; Increased sitosterol absorption, decreased removal, and expanded body pools compensate for reduced cholesterol synthesis in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 1989,30(9),1319-1330","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500272-JLR200","volume":"46","author":"Plat J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Plat J.; Nichols J.A.; Mensink R.P.; Plant sterols and stanols: effects on mixed micellar composition and LXR (target gene) activation. J Lipid Res 2005,46(11),2468-2476","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI22186","volume":"114","author":"Yang C.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang C.; Yu L.; Li W.; Xu F.; Cohen J.C.; Hobbs H.H.; Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis by plant sterols. J Clin Invest 2004,114(6),813-822","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref=104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36091","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304153200","volume":"278","author":"Kaneko E.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaneko E.; Matsuda M.; Yamada Y.; Tachibana Y.; Shimomura I.; Makishima M.; Induction of intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters by a phytosterol-derived liver X receptor agonist. J Biol Chem 2003,278(38),36091-36098","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.157198","volume":"142","author":"Brauner R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brauner R.; Johannes C.; Ploessl F.; Bracher F.; Lorenz R.L.; Phytosterols reduce cholesterol absorption by inhibition of 27-hydroxycholesterol generation, liver X receptor \u03b1 activation, and expression of the basolateral sterol exporter ATP-binding cassette A1 in Caco-2 enterocytes. J Nutr 2012,142(6),981-989","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051659","volume":"95","author":"Calpe-Berdiel L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Calpe-Berdiel L.; Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.; Blanco-Vaca F.; Phytosterol-mediated inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption is independent of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Br J Nutr 2006,95(3),618-622","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref=107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.042","volume":"195","author":"Calpe-Berdiel L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Calpe-Berdiel L.; Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.; Blanco-Vaca F.; Are LXR-regulated genes a major molecular target of plant sterols\/stanols? Atherosclerosis 2007,195(1),210-211","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref=108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700055","volume":"61","author":"Ced\u00f3 L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ced\u00f3 L.; Santos D.; Ludwig I.A.; Silvennoinen R.; Garc\u00eda-Le\u00f3n A.; Kaipiainen L.; Carb\u00f3 J.M.; Valledor A.F.; Gylling H.; Motilva M.J.; Kovanen P.T.; Lee-Rueckert M.; Blanco-Vaca F.; Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.; Phytosterol-mediated inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption in mice is independent of liver X receptor. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017,61(9)","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"ref=109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283395e45","volume":"21","author":"van der Velde A.E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"van der Velde A.E.; Brufau G.; Groen A.K.; Transintestinal cholesterol efflux. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010,21(3),167-171","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"ref=110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.04.002","volume":"36","author":"Temel R.E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Temel R.E.; Brown J.M.; A new model of reverse cholesterol transport: enTICEing strategies to stimulate intestinal cholesterol excretion. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015,36(7),440-451","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref=111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308558","volume":"37","author":"de Boer J.F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Boer J.F.; Schonewille M.; Dikkers A.; Koehorst M.; Havinga R.; Kuipers F.; Tietge U.J.; Groen A.K.; Transintestinal and biliary cholesterol secretion both contribute to macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in rats-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017,37(4),643-646","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref=112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000415","volume":"28","author":"Paalvast Y.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paalvast Y.; de Boer J.F.; Groen A.K.; Developments in intestinal cholesterol transport and triglyceride absorption. Curr Opin Lipidol 2017,28(3),248-254","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"ref=113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.04.012","volume":"180","author":"Aye I.L.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aye I.L.; Singh A.T.; Keelan J.A.; Transport of lipids by ABC proteins: interactions and implications for cellular toxicity, viability and function. Chem Biol Interact 2009,180(3),327-339","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"ref=114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300263","volume":"33","author":"Le May C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le May C.; Berger J.M.; Lespine A.; Pillot B.; Prieur X.; Letessier E.; Hussain M.M.; Collet X.; Cariou B.; Costet P.; Transintestinal cholesterol excretion is an active metabolic process modulated by PCSK9 and statin involving ABCB1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013,33(7),1484-1493","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref=115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M022194","volume":"53","author":"Vrins C.L.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vrins C.L.; Ottenhoff R.; van den Oever K.; de Waart D.R.; Kruyt J.K.; Zhao Y.; van Berkel T.J.; Havekes L.M.; Aerts J.M.; van Eck M.; Rensen P.C.; Groen A.K.; Trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux is not mediated through high density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 2012,53(10),2017-2023","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19211","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.014860","volume":"284","author":"van der Veen J.N.","year":"2009","unstructured":"van der Veen J.N.; van Dijk T.H.; Vrins C.L.; van Meer H.; Havinga R.; Bijsterveld K.; Tietge U.J.; Groen A.K.; Kuipers F.; Activation of the liver X receptor stimulates trans-intestinal excretion of plasma cholesterol. J Biol Chem 2009,284(29),19211-19219","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.10.001","volume":"24","author":"Jakulj L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jakulj L.; van Dijk T.H.; de Boer J.F.; Kootte R.S.; Schonewille M.; Paalvast Y.; Boer T.; Bloks V.W.; Boverhof R.; Nieuwdorp M.; Beuers U.H.; Stroes E.S.; Groen A.K.; Transintestinal cholesterol transport is active in mice and humans and controls ezetimibe-induced fecal neutral sterol excretion. Cell Metab 2016,24(6),783-794","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref=118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800579-JLR200","volume":"50","author":"Vrins C.L.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vrins C.L.; van der Velde A.E.; van den Oever K.; Levels J.H.; Huet S.; Oude Elferink R.P.; Kuipers F.; Groen A.K.; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta activation leads to increased transintestinal cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 2009,50(10),2046-2054","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.036","volume":"10","author":"Warrier M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Warrier M.; Shih D.M.; Burrows A.C.; Ferguson D.; Gromovsky A.D.; Brown A.L.; Marshall S.; McDaniel A.; Schugar R.C.; Wang Z.; Sacks J.; Rong X.; Vallim T.A.; Chou J.; Ivanova P.T.; Myers D.S.; Brown H.A.; Lee R.G.; Crooke R.M.; Graham M.J.; Liu X.; Parini P.; Tontonoz P.; Lusis A.J.; Hazen S.L.; Temel R.E.; Brown J.M.; The TMAO-generating enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 is a central regulator of cholesterol balance. Cell Rep 2015,10(3),326-338","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref=120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.037","volume":"152","author":"de Boer J.F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Boer J.F.; Schonewille M.; Boesjes M.; Wolters H.; Bloks V.W.; Bos T.; van Dijk T.H.; Jurdzinski A.; Boverhof R.; Wolters J.C.; Kuivenhoven J.A.; van Deursen J.M.; Oude Elferink R.P.; Moschetta A.; Kremoser C.; Verkade H.J.; Kuipers F.; Groen A.K.; Intestinal farnesoid X receptor controls transintestinal cholesterol excretion in mice. Gastroenterology 2017,152(5),1126-1138.e6","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref=121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G203","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90231.2008","volume":"295","author":"van der Velde A.E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"van der Velde A.E.; Vrins C.L.; van den Oever K.; Seemann I.; Oude Elferink R.P.; van Eck M.; Kuipers F.; Groen A.K.; Regulation of direct transintestinal cholesterol excretion in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008,295(1),G203-G208","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref=122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021576","volume":"6","author":"Brufau G.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brufau G.; Kuipers F.; Lin Y.; Trautwein E.A.; Groen A.K.; A reappraisal of the mechanism by which plant sterols promote neutral sterol loss in mice. PLoS One 2011,6(6)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref=123","first-page":"459","volume":"71","author":"Jakulj L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jakulj L.; Besseling J.; Stroes E.S.; Groen A.K.; Intestinal cholesterol secretion: future clinical implications. Neth J Med 2013,71(9),459-465","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"ref=124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114794","volume":"86","author":"Nguyen L.B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nguyen L.B.; Shefer S.; Salen G.; Ness G.C.; Tint G.S.; Zaki F.G.; Rani I.; A molecular defect in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. J Clin Invest 1990,86(3),923-931","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref=125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300377-JLR200","volume":"45","author":"Yu L.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yu L.; von Bergmann K.; Lutjohann D.; Hobbs H.H.; Cohen J.C.; Selective sterol accumulation in ABCG5\/ABCG8-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2004,45(2),301-307","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.026","volume":"203","author":"Calpe-Berdiel L.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Calpe-Berdiel L.; Escol\u00e0-Gil J.C.; Blanco-Vaca F.; New insights into the molecular actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2009,203(1),18-31","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref=127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0653fje","volume":"16","author":"Plat J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Plat J.; Mensink R.P.; Effects of plant stanol esters on LDL receptor protein expression and on LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression in mononuclear blood cells of healthy men and women. FASEB J 2002,16(2),258-260","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref=128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.21.6.1046","volume":"21","author":"Volger O.L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Volger O.L.; van der Boom H.; de Wit E.C.; van Duyvenvoorde W.; Hornstra G.; Plat J.; Havekes L.M.; Mensink R.P.; Princen H.M.; Dietary plant stanol esters reduce VLDL cholesterol secretion and bile saturation in apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001,21(6),1046-1052","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref=129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404334","volume":"37","author":"Gylling H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gylling H.; Miettinen T.A.; Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment. Diabetologia 1994,37(8),773-780","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref=130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39121-5","volume":"37","author":"Gylling H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gylling H.; Miettinen T.A.; Effects of inhibiting choles-terol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men. J Lipid Res 1996,37(8),1776-1785","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=131","first-page":"624","volume":"16","author":"Ooi E.M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ooi E.M.; Watts G.F.; Barrett P.H.; Chan D.C.; Clifton P.M.; Ji J.; Nestel P.J.; Dietary plant sterols supplementation does not alter lipoprotein kinetics in men with the metabolic syndrome. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007,16(4),624-631","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref=132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37589-1","volume":"37","author":"Thompson G.R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thompson G.R.; Naoumova R.P.; Watts G.F.; Role of cholesterol in regulating apolipoprotein B secretion by the liver. J Lipid Res 1996,37(3),439-447","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-008-3259-1","volume":"44","author":"Ruiu G.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ruiu G.; Pinach S.; Veglia F.; Gambino R.; Marena S.; Uberti B.; Alemanno N.; Burt D.; Pagano G.; Cassader M.; Phytosterol-enriched yogurt increases LDL affinity and reduces CD36 expression in polygenic hypercholesterolemia. Lipids 2009,44(2),153-160","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref=134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900010-JLR200","volume":"50","author":"Chiang J.Y.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chiang J.Y.; Bile acids: regulation of synthesis. J Lipid Res 2009,50(10),1955-1966","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2016.08.004","volume":"2","author":"Keely S.J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keely S.J.; Walters J.R.; The Farnesoid X Receptor: Good for BAD. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016,2(6),725-732","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref=136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.289","volume":"18","author":"Wang Y.D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang Y.D.; Chen W.D.; Moore D.D.; Huang W.; FXR: a metabolic regulator and cell protector. Cell Res 2008,18(11),1087-1095","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"ref=137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37819-6","volume":"25","author":"Uchida K.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Uchida K.; Takase H.; Nomura Y.; Takeda K.; Takeuchi N.; Ishikawa Y.; Changes in biliary and fecal bile acids in mice after treatments with diosgenin and beta-sitosterol. J Lipid Res 1984,25(3),236-245","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref=138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(02)00389-5","volume":"22","author":"Carr T.P.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carr T.P.; Cornelison R.M.; Illston B.J.L.; S.-P. C.; Gallaherb, D. D. Plant sterols alter bile acid metabolism and reduce cholesterol absorption in hamsters fed a beef-based diet. Nutr Res 2002,22(6),745-754","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref=139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.4.908","volume":"71","author":"Norm\u00e9n L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Norm\u00e9n L.; Dutta P.; Lia A.; Andersson H.; Soy sterol esters and beta-sitostanol ester as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption in human small bowel. Am J Clin Nutr 2000,71(4),908-913","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref=140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1095","volume":"71","author":"Miettinen T.A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miettinen T.A.; Vuoristo M.; Nissinen M.; J\u00e4rvinen H.J.; Gylling H.; Serum, biliary, and fecal cholesterol and plant sterols in colectomized patients before and during consumption of stanol ester margarine. Am J Clin Nutr 2000,71(5),1095-1102","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref=141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(99)00102-7","volume":"37","author":"Weststrate J.A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weststrate J.A.; Ayesh R.; Bauer-Plank C.; Drewitt P.N.; Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 1999,37(11),1063-1071","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref=142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.02.029","volume":"169","author":"Baumgartner S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baumgartner S.; Mensink R.P.; Smet E.; Konings M.; Fuentes S.; de Vos W.M.; Plat J.; Effects of plant stanol ester consumption on fasting plasma oxy(phyto)sterol concentrations as related to fecal microbiota characteristics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017,169,46-53","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref=143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113799","volume":"82","author":"Shefer S.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shefer S.; Salen G.; Nguyen L.; Batta A.K.; Packin V.; Tint G.S.; Hauser S.; Competitive inhibition of bile acid synthesis by endogenous cholestanol and sitosterol in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. Effect on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. J Clin Invest 1988,82(6),1833-1839","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref=144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006898","volume":"5","author":"El Kasmi K.C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"El Kasmi K.C.; Anderson A.L.; Devereaux M.W.; Vue P.M.; Zhang W.; Setchell K.D.; Karpen S.J.; Sokol R.J.; Phytosterols promote liver injury and Kupffer cell activation in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Sci Transl Med 2013,5(206)","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref=145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-47","volume":"7","author":"Hu J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu J.; Zhang Z.; Shen W.J.; Azhar S.; Cellular cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010,7,47","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"ref=146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)70671-1","volume":"255","author":"Kovanen P.T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kovanen P.T.; Goldstein J.L.; Chappell D.A.; Brown M.S.; Regulation of low density lipoprotein receptors by adrenocorticotropin in the adrenal gland of mice and rats in vivo. J Biol Chem 1980,255(12),5591-5598","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33545","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.52.33545","volume":"271","author":"Rigotti A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rigotti A.; Edelman E.R.; Seifert P.; Iqbal S.N.; DeMattos R.B.; Temel R.E.; Krieger M.; Williams D.L.; Regulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone of the in vivo expression of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), a high density lipoprotein receptor, in steroidogenic cells of the murine adrenal gland. J Biol Chem 1996,271(52),33545-33549","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref=148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00021-1","volume":"38","author":"Sanders D.J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sanders D.J.; Minter H.J.; Howes D.; Hepburn P.A.; The safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phytosterols in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2000,38(6),485-491","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref=149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252582399","volume":"99","author":"Yu L.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yu L.; Hammer R.E.; Li-Hawkins J.; Von Bergmann K.; Lutjohann D.; Cohen J.C.; Hobbs H.H.; Disruption of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in mice reveals their crucial role in biliary cholesterol secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002,99(25),16237-16242","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0222","volume":"157","author":"Mushtaq T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mushtaq T.; Wales J.K.; Wright N.P.; Adrenal insufficiency in phytosterolaemia. Eur J Endocrinol 2007,157(Suppl. 1),S61-S65","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref=151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(79)90196-1","volume":"11","author":"Aringer L.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Aringer L.; Eneroth P.; Nordstr\u00f6m L.; Side-chain cleavage of 4-cholesten-3-one, 5-cholesten-3 alpha-ol, beta-sitosterol, and related steroids in endocrine tissues from rat and man. J Steroid Biochem 1979,11(3),1271-1285","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"ref=152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1580047","volume":"158","author":"Arthur J.R.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Arthur J.R.; Blair H.A.; Boyd G.S.; Mason J.I.; Suckling K.E.; Oxidation of cholesterol and cholesterol analogues by mitochondrial preparations of steroid-hormone-producing tissue. Biochem J 1976,158(1),47-51","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref=153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(80)90211-3","volume":"13","author":"Morisaki M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Morisaki M.; Duque C.; Ikekawa N.; Shikita M.; Substrate specificity of adrenocortical cytochrome P-450scc--I. Effect of structural modification of cholesterol side-chain on pregnenolone production. J Steroid Biochem 1980,13(5),545-550","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"ref=154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9590-y","volume":"41","author":"Liu F.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu F.; Chen J.; Shi F.; Wang T.; Watanabe G.; Taya K.; Phytosterol additive boosts adrenal response to ACTH in male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Endocrine 2012,41(2),338-341","journal-title":"Endocrine"}],"container-title":["Current Medicinal Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/174409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T05:18:01Z","timestamp":1664169481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/174409\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867326666190822154701","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-8673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-8673","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2018-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-18","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}