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Especially the leukocyte-\nderived enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) has recently attracted great interest as it catalyzes\nthe formation of oxidizing reactive species that modify the structure and function of\nHDL, ultimately increasing cardiovascular risk. Contrariwise, paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an\nHDL-associated enzyme that protects HDL from lipid oxidation and then acts as a protective\nfactor against ASCVD. It is noteworthy that recent studies have demonstrated how MPO,\nPON1 and HDL form a functional complex in which PON1 partially inhibits the MPO activity,\nwhile MPO in turn partially inactivates PON1.In line with that, a high MPO\/PON1 ratio\ncharacterizes patients with ASCVD and metabolic syndrome and has been suggested as a potential\nmarker of dysfunctional HDL as well as a predictor of ASCVD. In this review, we\nsummarize the evidence on the interactions between MPO and PON1 with regard to their\nstructure, function and interaction with HDL activity. We also provide an overview of in vitro\nand experimental animal models, finally focusing on clinical evidence from a cohort of patients\nwith ASCVD and metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327999200716112353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T06:29:37Z","timestamp":1594967377000},"page":"2842-2850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Dysfunctional High-density Lipoprotein: The Role of Myeloperoxidase and Paraoxonase-1"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3346-9588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Bacchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7879-7935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gianna","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-4078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Federico","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinic of Internal Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4358-6411","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefano","family":"Ministrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \"Santa Maria della Misericordia\" Hospital, University of Perugia, Piazzale Menghini, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte 06132 Perugia,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-8729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa \u2013 Italian Cardiovascular Network, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9521-3153","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tannaz","family":"Jamialahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-1444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sahebkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.54.101601.152409","volume":"54","author":"Assmann G.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Assmann G.; Nofer J.R.; Atheroprotective effects of high-density lipoproteins. 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