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Therefore, polymeric nanoparticles emerge as one of the viable alternatives to\novercome existing limitations, through passive or active vectorization. This review aims\nto summarize the latest studies of polymeric nanoparticles as an alternative treatment for\nleishmaniasis. In the first section, the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic challenges\nof current drugs are reported. The second section details how nanoparticles with\nand without functionalization are efficient in the treatment of leishmaniasis, discussing\nthe characteristics of the polymer in the formulation. In this way, polymeric nanoparticles\ncan improve the physicochemical properties of leishmanicidal drugs, improving solubility\nand stability, as well as improve the release of these drugs, directly or indirectly\nreaching monocytes\/macrophages. 64.28% drugs were focused on the treatment of visceral\nleishmaniasis, and 28.57% on cutaneous leishmaniasis. The most chosen polymers in\nthe literature are chitosan (35.71%) and PLGA (35.71%), the others represented 14.30%\ndrugs, with all able to manage the drug release and increase the in vitro and\/or in vivo efficacy\nof the original molecule. However, there are several barriers for these nanoformulations\nto cross laboratory research and is necessary more in-depth studies about the\nmetabolites and degradation pathways of the polymers used in the formulations and plasma\nproteomics studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230120163543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T06:45:58Z","timestamp":1674456358000},"page":"286-307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effectiveness In Vivo and In Vitro of Polymeric Nanoparticles as a\nDrug Release System in the Treatment of Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3830-8540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L\u00edvia Maria Coelho","family":"de Carvalho Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual da Para\u00edba, Campina\nGrande, PB, Brasil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Farmac\u00eauticos, Universidade\nEstadual da Para\u00edba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5376-021X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana Beatriz Almeida","family":"de Sousa Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Farmac\u00eauticos, Universidade\nEstadual da Para\u00edba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6755-740X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaline","family":"de Ara\u00fajo Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual da Para\u00edba, Campina\nGrande, PB, Brasil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Farmac\u00eauticos, Universidade\nEstadual da Para\u00edba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7247-1598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Augusto","family":"Oshiro J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Farmac\u00eauticos, Universidade\nEstadual da Para\u00edba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-3813","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dayanne Tomaz Casimiro","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Farmac\u00eauticos, Universidade\nEstadual da Para\u00edba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-0297","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bol\u00edvar Ponciano Goulart","family":"de Lima Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual da Para\u00edba, Campina\nGrande, PB, Brasil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Produtos Farmac\u00eauticos, Universidade\nEstadual da Para\u00edba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.06.018","volume":"547","author":"de Souza A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Souza A.; Marins D.S.S.; Mathias S.L.; Monteiro L.M.; Yukuyama M.N.; Scarim C.B.; L\u00f6benberg R.; Bou-Chacra N.A.; Promising nanotherapy in treating leishmaniasis. 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