{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T05:00:36Z","timestamp":1794200436634,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31602114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31602114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CDM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cyclosporine A (CsA) is widely used for organ transplantation and autoimmune disorders. However, CsA nephrotoxicity is a serious side effect that limits the clinical use of CsA. The metabolism of CsA has a close relationship with this disease in renal-transplant patients. However, the metabolic pathways of CsA and its metabolizing enzymes have rarely been comprehensively reviewed. In this review, we have summarized the specific metabolic profiles of CsA in humans, especially renal-transplant patients. Moreover, the specific metabolizing enzymes and the potential roles that CsA metabolism plays in CsA nephrotoxicity were summarized and discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scifinder were searched with the keywords \"Cyclosporine A and metabolism\", and \"Cyclosporine A and nephrotoxicity\", \"Cyclosporine A metabolism and nephrotoxicity\". All these studies published until 2018 were included in this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The major metabolic pathways of CsA in humans are hydroxylation and N-demethylation. Normally, these metabolites are relatively less toxic than CsA. However, the metabolism of CsA in the kidneys is much weaker than that in the liver, which explains why CsA is so toxic to the kidneys. CYP3A families, especially CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, play an important role in the biotransformation of CsA. Moreover, increased lines of evidence show that some metabolites (including AM19) associate directly with nephrotoxicity in CsA-treated organ-transplant patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this review help to further understand the metabolic activities of CsA in renal-transplant patients and cast some light on the mechanisms of CsA nephrotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200219666181031113505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T07:58:46Z","timestamp":1540972726000},"page":"84-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Metabolic Pathway of Cyclosporine A and Its Correlation with Nephrotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Kuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2016.5668","volume":"153","author":"Zimmermann S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zimmermann S, Sekula P, Venhoff M, Motschall E, Knaus J, Schumacher M, Mockenhaupt M. JAMA Dermatol, Systemic immunomodulating therapies for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis., 2017, 153, 514-522,","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref=2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-015-0137-8","volume":"36","author":"Ziaei M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ziaei M, Ziaei F, Manzouri B. Int Ophthalmol, Systemic cyclosporine and corneal transplantation., 2016, 36, 139-146,","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref=3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6373","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20176373","volume":"51","author":"Caires A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caires A, Fernandesm GS, Leme AM, Castino B, Pessoa EA, Fernandes SM, Fonseca CD, Vattimo MF, Schor N, Borges FT. Braz J Med Biol Res, Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists protect the kidney against the nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine-A in normotensive and hypertensive rats., 2018, 51, e6373-,","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.08.019","volume":"52","author":"Lai Q.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai Q, Luo Z, Wu C, Lai S, Wei H, Li T, Wang Q, Yu Y. Int Immunopharmacol, Attenuation of cyclosporine A induced nephrotoxicity by schisandrin B through suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy., 2017, 52, 15-23,","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref=5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25022","volume":"116","author":"Damiano S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Damiano S, Ciarcia R, Montagnaro S, Pagnini U, Garofano T, Capasso G, Florio S, Giordano A. J Cell Biochem, Prevention of nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine-A: role of antioxidants., 2015, 116, 364-369,","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7456-6_7","volume":"1702","author":"Simeoni C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simeoni C, Dinicola S, Cucina A, Mascia C, Bizzarri M. Methods Mol Biol, Systems biology approach and mathematical modeling for analyzing phase-space switch during epithelial-mesenchymal transition., 2018, 1702, 95-123,","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref=7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.01.019","volume":"229","author":"Pallet N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pallet N, Rabant M, Xu-Dubois YC, Lecorre D, Mucchielli MH, Imbeaud S, Agier N, Hertig A, Thervet E, Legendre C, Beaune P, Anglicheau D. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, Response of human renal tubular cells to cyclosporine and sirolimus, a toxicogenomic study., 2008, 229, 184-196,","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02396.x","volume":"8","author":"Pallet N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pallet N, Bouvier N, Bendjallabah A, Rabant M, Flinois JP, Hertig A, Legendre C, Beaune P, Thervet E, Anglicheau D. Am J Transplant, Cyclosporine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers tubular phenotypic changes and death., 2008, 8, 2283-2296,","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6477","volume":"4","author":"Pallet N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pallet N, Bouvier N, Legendre C, Gilleron J, Codogno P, Beaune P, Thervet E, Anglicheau D. Autophagy, Autophagy protects renal tubular cells against cyclosporine toxicity., 2008, 4, 783-791,","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref=10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000225","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2017-000225","volume":"4","author":"Wirestam L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wirestam L, Frodlund M, Enocsson H, Skogh T, Wetter\u00f6 J, Sj\u00f6wall C. Lupus Sci Med, Osteopontin is associated with disease severity and antiphospholipid syndrome in well characterised Swedish cases of SLE., 2017, 4, e000225-,","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"ref=11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343761","volume":"23","author":"Marchetti P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Marchetti P, Navalesit R. J Endocrinol Invest, The metabolic effects of cyclosporin and tacrolimus., 2000, 23, 482-490,","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref=12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)06713-3","volume":"15","author":"Fabre G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fabre G, Bertault-Peres P, Fabre I, Maurel P, Just S, Cano JP. Drug Metab Dispos, Metabolism of cyclosporin A. I. Study in freshly isolated rabbit hepatocytes., 1987, 15, 384-390,","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)06714-5","volume":"15","author":"Bertault-Peres P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bertault-Peres P, Bonfils C, Fabre G, Just S, Cano JP, Maurel P. Drug Metab Dispos, Metabolism of cyclosporin A. II. Implication of the macrolide antibiotic inducible cytochrome P-450 3c from rabbit liver microsomes., 1987, 15, 391-398,","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92302-I","volume":"338","author":"Kolars J.C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kolars JC, Awni WM, Merion RM, Watkins PB. Lancet, First-pass metabolism of cyclosporin by the gut., 1991, 338, 1488-1490,","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref=15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00145.x","volume":"128","author":"Webber I.R.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Webber IR, Back DJ. Br J Dermatol, Effect of etretinate on cyclosporin metabolism in vitro., 1993, 128, 42-44,","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref=16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3046.2000.00136.x","volume":"4","author":"Brunner L.J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brunner LJ, Pai KS, Munar MY, Lande MB, Olyaei AJ, Mowry JA. Pediatr Transplant, Effect of grapefruit juice on cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics in pediatric renal transplant patients., 2000, 4, 313-321,","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"ref=17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9236(95)90157-4","volume":"57","author":"Hollander A.A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hollander AA, van Rooij J, Lentjes GW, Arbouw F, van Bree JB, Schoemaker RC, van Es LA, van der Woude FJ, Cohen AF. Clin Pharmacol Ther, The effect of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine and prednisone metabolism in transplant patients., 1995, 57, 318-324,","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref=18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(93)90059-M","volume":"57","author":"Christians U.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Christians U, Sewing KF. Pharmacol Ther, Cyclosporin metabolism in transplant patients., 1993, 57, 291-345,","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref=19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31827e6ad9","volume":"95","author":"Zheng S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zheng S, Tasnif Y, Hebert MF, Davis CL, Shitara Y, Calamia JC, Lin YS, Shen DD, Thummel KE. Transplantation, CYP3A5 gene variation influences cyclosporine A metabolite formation and renal cyclosporine disposition., 2013, 95, 821-827,","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref=20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050182","volume":"69","author":"Pham-Huy C.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pham-Huy C, Sadeg N, Becue T, Martin C, Mahuzier G, Warnet JM, Hamon M, Claude JR. Arch Toxicol, In vitro metabolism of cyclosporin A with rabbit renal or hepatic microsomes: analysis by HPLC-FPIA and HPLC-MS., 1995, 69, 346-349,","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"ref=21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03190040","volume":"24","author":"Kelly P.A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kelly PA, Wang H, Napoli KL, Kahan BD, Strobel HW. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, Metabolism of cyclosporine by cytochromes P450 3A9 and 3A4., 1999, 24, 321-328,","journal-title":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref=22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.295","volume":"23","author":"Wong S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wong S, Wong HT, Wacher VJ. Biopharm Drug Dispos, Minimal effect of ketoconazole on cyclosporine (SangCyA) oral absorption and first-pass metabolism in rats: evidence of a significant vehicle effect on SangCyA absorption., 2002, 23, 53-57,","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos"},{"key":"ref=23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03934.x","volume":"32","author":"Hoppu K.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hoppu K, Koskimies O, Holmberg C, Hirvisalo EL. Br J Clin Pharmacol, Evidence for pre-hepatic metabolism of oral cyclosporine in children., 1991, 32, 477-481,","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)06541-9","volume":"23","author":"Vickers A.E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vickers AE, Fisher RL, Brendel K, Guertler J, Dannecker R, Keller B, Fischer V. Drug Metab Dispos, Sites of biotransformation for the cyclosporin derivative SDZ IMM 125 using human liver and kidney slices and intestine. Comparison with rat liver slices and cyclosporin A metabolism., 1995, 23, 327-333,","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12375","volume":"17","author":"Hegazy S.K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hegazy SK, Adam AG, Hamdy NA, Khalafallah NM. Transpl Infect Dis, Effect of active infection on cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of cyclosporine in renal transplant patients., 2015, 17, 350-360,","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref=26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117582","volume":"94","author":"Shedlofsky S.I.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shedlofsky SI, Israel BC, McClain CJ, Hill DB, Blouin RA. J Clin Invest, Endotoxin administration to humans inhibits hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism., 1994, 94, 2209-2214,","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref=27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00005","volume":"9","author":"Ma N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma N, Guo P, Zhang J, He T, Kim SW, Zhang G, Ma X. Front Immunol, Nutrients mediate intestinal bacteria mucosal immune crosstalk., 2018, 9, 5-,","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref=28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203717666160627073048","volume":"18","author":"Fan P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fan P, Song P, Li L, Huang C, Chen J, Yang W, Qiao S, Wu G, Zhang G, Ma X. Curr Protein Pept Sci, Roles of Biogenic amines in intestinal signaling., 2017, 18, 532-540,","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"key":"ref=29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(99)70102-5","volume":"65","author":"Edwards D.J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, Schuetz EG, Yasuda K, Ducharme MP, Warbasse LH, Woster PM, Schuetz JD, Watkins P. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 6\u2032,7\u2032-Dihydroxybergamottin in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice: effects on cyclosporine disposition, enterocyte CYP3A4, and P-glycoprotein., 1999, 65, 237-244,","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref=30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2000.110216","volume":"68","author":"Lilja J.J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Clin Pharmacol Ther, Duration of effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of the CYP3A4 substrate simvastatin., 2000, 68, 384-390,","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref=31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009348223","volume":"50","author":"Fanta S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fanta S, J\u00f6nsson S, Karlsson MO, Niemi M, Holmberg C, Hoppu K, Backman JT. J Clin Pharmacol, Long-term changes in cyclosporine pharmacokinetics after renal transplantation in children: Evidence for saturable presystemic metabolism and effect of NR1I2 polymorphism., 2010, 50, 581-597,","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)38223-6","volume":"265","author":"Ahmed S.S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ahmed SS, Strobel HW, Napoli KL, Grevel J. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, Adrenochrome reaction implicates oxygen radicals in metabolism of cyclosporine A and FK-506 in rat and human liver microsomes., 1993, 265, 1047-1054,","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref=33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00265-8","volume":"57","author":"Vickers A.E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vickers AE, Biggi WA, Dannecker R, Fischer V. Life Sci, Uptake and metabolism of cyclosporin A and SDZ IMM 125 in the human in vitro skin2 dermal and barrier function models., 1995, 57, 215-224,","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref=34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2017.29.1.55","volume":"29","author":"Choi C.W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi CW, Kim BR, Ohn J, Youn SW. Ann Dermatol, The Advantage of cyclosporine A and methotrexate rotational therapy in long-term systemic treatment for chronic plaque psoriasis in a real world practice., 2017, 29, 55-60,","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"ref=35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200211314060002","volume":"14","author":"Wu Q.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu Q, Dohnal V, Kuca K, Yuan Z. Curr Drug Metab, Trichothecenes: Structure-toxic activity relationships., 2013, 14, 641-660,","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"ref=36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2174\/157488407781668758","volume":"2","author":"Ozbay A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ozbay A, Karamperis N, J\u00f8rgensen KA. Curr Clin Pharmacol, A review of the immunosuppressive activity of cyclosporine metabolites: New insights into an old issue., 2007, 2, 244-248,","journal-title":"Curr Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70358-O","volume":"23","author":"Watkins P.B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Watkins PB. J Am Acad Dermatol, The role of cytochromes P-450 in cyclosporine metabolism., 1990, 23, 1301-1309,","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref=38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)08744-6","volume":"17","author":"Combalbert J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Combalbert J, Fabre I, Fabre G, Dalet I, Derancourt J, Cano JP, Maurel P. Drug Metab Dispos, Metabolism of cyclosporin A. IV. Purification and identification of the rifampicin-inducible human liver cytochrome P-450 (cyclosporin A oxidase) as a product of P450IIIA gene subfamily., 1989, 17, 197-207,","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(24)14963-X","volume":"27","author":"J\u00e4ger W.","year":"1999","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger W, Correia MA, Bornheim LM, Mahnke A, Hanstein WG, Xue L, Benet LZ. Drug Metab Dispos, Ethynylestradiol-mediated induction of hepatic CYP3A9 in female rats: implication for cyclosporine metabolism., 1999, 27, 1505-1511,","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07480-X","volume":"21","author":"Prueksaritanont T.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Prueksaritanont T, Correia MA, Rettie AE, Swinney DC, Thomas PE, Benet LZ. Drug Metab Dispos, Cyclosporine metabolism by rat liver microsomes. Evidence for involvement of enzyme(s) other than cytochromes P-450 3A., 1993, 21, 730-737,","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2174\/138920006776359275","volume":"7","author":"Hermann M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hermann M, Kase ET, Molden E, Christensen H. Curr Drug Metab, Evaluation of microsomal incubation conditions on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of cyclosporine A by a statistical experimental design., 2006, 7, 265-271,","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"ref=42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.07.012","volume":"68","author":"Dai Y.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dai Y, Iwanaga K, Lin YS, Hebert MF, Davis CL, Huang W, Kharasch ED, Thummel KE. Biochem Pharmacol, In vitro metabolism of cyclosporine A by human kidney CYP3A5., 2004, 68, 1889-1902,","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2017-0127","volume":"18","author":"Sun B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun B, Guo Y, Gao J, Shi WF, Fan GR, Li XY, Qiu JX, Qin Y, Liu GL. Pharmacogenomics, Influence of CYP3A and ABCB1 polymorphisms on cyclosporine concentrations in renal transplant recipients., 2017, 18, 1503-1513,","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref=44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(01)01929-7","volume":"33","author":"Kempkes-Koch M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kempkes-Koch M, Fobker M, Erren M, August C, Gerhardt U, Suwelack B, Hohage H. Transplant Proc, Cyclosporine A metabolite AM19 as a potential biomarker in urine for CSA nephropathy., 2001, 33, 2167-2169,","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"ref=45","first-page":"562","volume":"71","author":"Sienkiewicz B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sienkiewicz B, Hurkacz M, Kuriata-Kordek M, Augustyniak-Bartosik H, Wiela-Hoje\u0144ska A, Klinger M. Pharmazie, The impact of CYP3A5 on the metabolism of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus in the evaluation of efficiency and safety of immunosuppressive treatment in patients after kidney transplantation., 2016, 71, 562-565,","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref=46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.145581","volume":"328","author":"Ikemura K.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ikemura K, Urano K, Matsuda H, Mizutani H, Iwamoto T, Okuda M. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, Decreased oral absorption of cyclosporine A after liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, the contribution of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein to the first-pass metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells., 2009, 328, 249-255,","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref=47","first-page":"533","volume":"107","author":"Mazzaferro V.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mazzaferro V, Porter KA, Scotti-Foglieni CL, Venkataramanan R, Makowka L, Rossaro L, Francavilla A, Todo S, Van Thiel DH, Starzl TE. Surgery, The hepatotropic influence of cyclosporine., 1990, 107, 533-539,","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref=48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(24)15206-3","volume":"27","author":"Provencher S.J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Provencher SJ, Demers C, Bastien MC, Villeneuve JP, Gascon-Barr\u00e9 M. Drug Metab Dispos, Effect of cyclosporine A on cytochrome P-450-mediated drug metabolism in the partially hepatectomized rat., 1999, 27, 449-455,","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref=49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200106150-00017","volume":"71","author":"Bai S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bai S, Brunner LJ, Stepkowski SM, Napoli KL, Kahan BD. Transplantation, Effect of low dose cyclosporine and sirolimus on hepatic drug metabolism in the rat., 2001, 71, 1585-1592,","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref=50","first-page":"410","volume":"57","author":"Kim T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim T, Lu SK, Brunner LJ. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol, The effect of lipoprotein-associated cyclosporine on drug metabolism and toxicity in rats., 2003, 57, 410-424,","journal-title":"PDA J Pharm Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref=51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199810150-00005","volume":"66","author":"Cooper M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cooper M, Lindholm P, Pieper G, Seibel R, Moore G, Nakanishi A, Dembny K, Komorowski R, Johnson C, Adams M, Roza A. Transplantation, Myocardial nuclear factor-kappaB activity and nitric oxide production in rejecting cardiac allografts., 1998, 66, 838-844,","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref=52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02328.x","volume":"8","author":"Luan F.L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luan FL, Zhang H, Schaubel DE, Miles CD, Cibrik D, Norman S, Ojo AO. Am J Transplant, Comparative risk of impaired glucose metabolism associated with cyclosporine versus tacrolimus in the late posttransplant period., 2008, 8, 1871-1877,","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref=53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00642-6","volume":"62","author":"Cruz F.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cruz F, Wolf A. Biochem Pharmacol, Effects of the novel cyclosporine derivative PSC833 on glucose metabolism in rat primary cultures of neuronal and glial cells., 2001, 62, 129-139,","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.06.047","volume":"38","author":"Qiu J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Qiu J, Tu Z, Shi Y, Zhang L, Li Q, Wang W, Ye F, Wang J, Bu H. Transplant Proc, Interference of cyclosporine on glucose metabolism: Potential role in chronic transplantation kidney fibrosis., 2006, 38, 2065-2068,","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"ref=55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2012.709500","volume":"8","author":"Delgado T.C.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Delgado TC, Barosa C, Nunes PM, Scott DK, O\u2019Doherty RM, Cerd\u00e1n S, Geraldes CF, Jones JG. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, Effect of cyclosporine A on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and hepatic gene expression in rat., 2012, 8, 1223-1230,","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"ref=56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.02.004","volume":"63","author":"Lopes P.C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lopes PC, Fuhrmann A, Sereno J, Espinoza DO, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW, Reis F, Carvalho E. Metabolism, Short and long term in vivo effects of Cyclosporine A and sirolimus on genes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism in Wistar rats., 2014, 63, 702-715,","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref=57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2011.09.060","volume":"43","author":"Havrdova T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Havrdova T, Jedinakova T, Lipar K, Skibova J, Saudek F. Transplant Proc, Effect of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine on glucose metabolism of pancreas and kidney recipients in the late (> 8 years) posttransplant period., 2011, 43, 3270-3272,","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"ref=58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2003.tb00235.x","volume":"16","author":"Serkova N.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Serkova N, Klawitter J, Niemann CU. Transpl Int, Organ-specific response to inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism by cyclosporine in the rat., 2003, 16, 748-755,","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"ref=59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.036848","volume":"302","author":"Niemann C.U.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Niemann CU, Saeed M, Akbari H, Jacobsen W, Benet LZ, Christians U, Serkova N. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, Close association between the reduction in myocardial energy metabolism and infarct size: Dose-response assessment of cyclosporine., 2002, 302, 1123-1128,","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref=60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000328874","volume":"34","author":"Lee C.T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee CT, Ng HY, Lien YH, Lai LW, Wu MS, Lin CR, Chen HC. Am J Nephrol, Effects of cyclosporine, tacrolimus and rapamycin on renal calcium transport and vitamin D metabolism., 2011, 34, 87-94,","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref=61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2010.10.006","volume":"32","author":"Gottschalk S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gottschalk S, Cummins CL, Leibfritz D, Christians U, Benet LZ, Serkova NJ. Neurotoxicology, Age and sex differences in the effects of the immunosuppressants cyclosporine, sirolimus and everolimus on rat brain metabolism., 2011, 32, 50-57,","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref=62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.06.054","volume":"118","author":"Wu Q.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu Q, Wang X, Nepovimova E, Wang Y, Yang H, Kuca K. Food Chem Toxicol, Mechanism of cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity: Oxidative stress, autophagy, and signalings., 2018, 118, 889-907,","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref=63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1269988","volume":"13","author":"Ma X.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma X, Zhang S, He L, Rong Y, Briver L, Sun Q, Liu R, Fan W, Chen S, Yue Z, Kim J, Guan K, Li D, Zhong Q. Autophagy, MTORC1- mediated NRBF2 phosphorylation functions as a switch for the class III PtdIns3K and autophagy., 2017, 13, 592-607,","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref=64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy011","volume":"9","author":"He L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"He L, Zhang J, Zhao J, Ma N, Kim SW, Qiao S, Ma X. Adv Nutr, Autophagy: The last defense against cellular nutritional stress., 2018, 9, 493-504,","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"}],"container-title":["Current Drug Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/166794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:39:53Z","timestamp":1775255993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/166794\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1389200219666181031113505","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-2002"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-2002","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2018-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-16","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}