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The relationship between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria with CD is complex and multidirectional. In previous published studies, results demonstrated the triggering impact of bacteria, viruses, and parasites on initiation and development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Different studies revealed the inducing effect of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria on CD. However, increasing evidence proposes that some of these microorganisms can also play several positive roles in CD process. Although information of the pathogenesis of the CD is quickly expanding, the possible role of bacteria needs further examination. In conclusion, with respect to the possible correlation between different bacteria in CD, the current review-based study aims to discuss the possible relationship between CD and pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and to show various and significant aspects of mechanisms involved in the CD process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201021666191219160729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T13:07:39Z","timestamp":1576847259000},"page":"452-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Possible Role of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Bacteria in Initiation and Exacerbation of Celiac Disease; A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0213-5227","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taher","family":"Azimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7733-6344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0853-6892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aref","family":"Shariati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6014-0599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyedeh M.J.","family":"Shiadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2472-2185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hossein","family":"Safari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Research Center, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1808-5554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahmood","family":"Alizade-Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Taghipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2126-1106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amin","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","volume":"125","author":"Gibson G.R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gibson G.R.; Roberfroid M.B.; Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics. 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