{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:24:31Z","timestamp":1770297871215,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CPB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with a huge\nimpact on a person\u2019s quality of life. A correct therapy is required for relieving symptoms, reversing\nsigns and preventing further anatomical changes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The main objective of the present paper is to provide suggestions for the best treatment approach,\nbased on the available evidence. Treatment strategies are divided on the basis of the treatment\nphase, distinguishing options for initial, acute or attack treatment and those for long-term, maintenance\ntreatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An electronic search was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database.\nAll the studies evaluating treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus published in the English literature\nwere analyzed, including controlled studies, case series, guidelines and reviews.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Current evidence identifies ultra-potent and potent corticosteroids, administered for 12 weeks,\nas the first-line recommended treatment for active VLS. Topical calcineurin inhibitors, tacrolimus and\npimecrolimus, are effective and safe alternatives. Long-term maintenance strategies aimed at preventing\nrecurrences are required, after the initial treatment phase. Maintenance treatment mostly consists in\ntopical corticosteroids, administered i) on an \u201cas needed\u201d basis (\u201creactive\u201d scheme), ii) on a continuative\nregimen, iii) on a low-dose, intermittent regimen (\u201cproactive\u201d scheme). Further investigations are\nneeded for better defining the placement of other options within the VLS therapeutic algorithm, including\nretinoids, physical and systemic treatments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The available evidence provides useful indications for the management of VLS. Both the\nidentification of new therapeutic targets and the optimization of the available options represent the\nmain objectives of future research.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201021666200516154310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T04:44:35Z","timestamp":1589690675000},"page":"99-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Novel Therapeutic Approaches and Targets for Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-9691","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Borghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2105-6217","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monica","family":"Corazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","container-title":["Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/182003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/182003\/article","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/182003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T05:09:58Z","timestamp":1609736998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/182003\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1389201021666200516154310","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-2010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-2010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2019-11-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-21","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}