{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:04:37Z","timestamp":1791137077944,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UDAPOIG.01.03.1-00-133\/08-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UDAPOIG.01.03.1-00-133\/08-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CPB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The chicken eggshells and their subcrustal membranes are a valuable source\nof calcium, but they are not further processed but disposed of as waste from the food industry. Chicken\neggshells have high content (&gt;95%) of calcium carbonate. Some properties suggest that eggshells may\nbe a promising alternative to the present calcium sources used in the pharmaceutical industry.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The effect of roasting chicken eggshells with a selected organic acid (citric or fumaric or lactic\nacid) on microbiological purity, including the presence of fungi and bacteria Salmonella spp.,\nStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli of obtained calcium salts, was investigated. In this study,\nchicken eggshells were subjected to chemical reactions with organic acids (citric, fumaric or lactic\nacid) at two different calcium-acid molar ratios (1:1 or 1:3) and the mixture was heat-treated for 1 or 3\nhours at a temperature of 100\u00b0C or 120\u00b0C.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results and Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>It was found that lactic acid was 100% effective against fungi, and the remaining\ncitric and fumaric acids were -50% (regardless of the other examined conditions). The type of\nacid used has a significant effect on fungal growth inhibition (p&lt;0.05). Fumaric acid and lactic acid\nwill be nearly 100% effective against bacteria (100% fumaric acid and 97% lactic acid effectiveness),\nregardless of other factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Lactic acid is the most effective against pathogenic flora - fungi and bacteria. The transformation\nof chicken eggshells into calcium lactate can provide us with sterile calcium salt, free of\n100% fungi and 97% of all bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201021666200903120835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T16:54:47Z","timestamp":1599152087000},"page":"299-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preparation of Sterile Raw Material - Chicken Eggshells in the Process of their Transformation into Selected Calcium Salts"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-8225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wioletta","family":"Siemiradzka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Sosnowiec,Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3035-7417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara","family":"Doli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Sosnowiec,Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Ryszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochefa Pharmaceutical Research and Production Plant, Sosnowiec,Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001515","volume":"87","author":"Schaafsma A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schaafsma A.; van Doormaal J.J.; Muskiet F.A.; Hofstede G.J.; Pakan I.; van der Veer E.; Positive effects of a chicken eggshell powder-enriched vitamin-mineral supplement on femoral neck bone mineral density in healthy late post-menopausal Dutch women. 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