{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T09:22:56Z","timestamp":1768123376070,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundationof China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81571484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81571484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC1000905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1000905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CDD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the application of Scrotal Heat Stress (SHS) and Pulsed Unfocused Ultrasound\n(PuFUS) to explore Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) permeability in adult mice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> The BTB provides a stable microenvironment and a unique immune barrier for spermatogenesis.\nMeanwhile, it blocks macromolecular substances access, including therapeutic agents and antibodies,\nthereby it decreases the therapeutic or immunocontraception effects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the viability of these physical approaches in delivering macromolecular substances\ninto seminiferous tubules.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Material &amp; Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> Mice were subjected to receive single SHS intervention at 39\u00b0C, 41\u00b0C, or 43\u00b0C\nfor 30 min. Whereas, mice received the PuFUS intervention at 1.75w\/cm2, 1.25w\/cm2, and 2.5w\/cm2 for\n2 min, 5 min, and 10 min, respectively. The Biotin and macromolecular substances (IgG, IgM, and\nexosomes) were separately injected into the testicular interstitium at different times following SHS or\nPuFUS interventions, to observe their penetration through BTB into seminiferous tubules.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>As detected by Biotin tracer, the BTB opening started from day-2 following the SHS and lasted\nfor more than three days, whereas the BTB opening started from 1.5h following PuFUS and lasted up to\n24h. Apparent penetration of IgG, IgM, and exosomes into seminiferous tubules was observed after five\ndays of the SHS at 43\u00b0C, but none at 39\u00b0C, or any conditions tested with PuFUS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The current results indicate that SHS at 43\u00b0C comparatively has the potential for delivering\nmacromolecular substances into seminiferous tubules, whereas the PuFUS could be a novel, quick, and\nmild approach to open the BTB. These strategies might be useful for targeted drug delivery into testicular\nseminiferous tubules. However, further studies are warranted to validate our findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201817666200514080811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T16:43:21Z","timestamp":1589474601000},"page":"438-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Heat Stress and Pulsed Unfocused Ultrasound: The Viability of these Physical Approaches for Drug Delivery into Testicular Seminiferous Tubules"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0435-4370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Ishraq","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Reproductive Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honggang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002790","volume":"64(1)","author":"Cheng, C.Y.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheng, C.Y.; Mruk, D.D. 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