{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T10:52:41Z","timestamp":1785235961983,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005065","name":"Medical Innovation team of Jiangsu province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXTDB2017003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTDB2017003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81503265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81503265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81873055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CDD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ginkgolides are widely used in cardio-protective therapy; however, poor\nbioavailability currently limits their application.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether solid dispersions prepared with Low-\nMolecular-Weight Chitosan (LMWC) could improve the protective effect of ginkgolides on Myocardial\nInjury (MI).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ginkgolide Solid Dispersions (GKSD) were prepared with LMWC. Their properties were\nthen characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy\nand Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> pharmacokinetic studies were performed in\nrats, and the protective effect of GKSD on MI was investigated by western blotting and immunohistochemical\nanalyses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Drug dissolution testing showed that GDSD were released at a significantly higher rate than\nginkgolides, dissolved by alternative methods, suggesting that LMWC facilitates the release of ginkgolides.\nDifferential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier\ntransform infrared spectroscopy all showed that GKSD was amorphous. <jats:italic>In-vivo<\/jats:italic> testing revealed larger\nAUC<jats:sub>0-t<\/jats:sub>, higher C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, and shorter T<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> for GKSD compared to that in original ginkgolides. Myocardial\ninjury was induced in rats with isoproterenol to test the protective effect of GKSD. GKSD alleviated MI\nand reduced myocardial fibrosis, as observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Compared with the\ncrude drug group, the secretion of malonyl dialdehyde and nitric oxide and expression of NOX-2 and\nNOX-4 were lower. The activities of the cardiac marker enzymes SOD, CAT, GPX, GPX-1, and GSH\nwere higher in GKSD-administered rats, indicating a beneficial effect of GKSD in eliminating free radicals\nduring myocardial injury. Additionally, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis\nshowed that GKSD markedly reduced the expression of signaling proteins RHOA, ROCK1, ROCK2,\nand RAC1.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> Solid dispersions prepared with low molecular weight chitosan improved the oral bioavailability\nof ginkgolide and enhanced its protective effect on myocardial injury.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201817666200704133702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T18:06:52Z","timestamp":1593886012000},"page":"711-719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Preparation of Ginkgolide Solid Dispersions with Low-Molecular-Weight Chitosan and Assessment of their Protective Effect on Isoproterenol- Induced Myocardial Injury"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Jiangsu 210028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2015.1020119","volume":"23","author":"Ding W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding W.; Hou X.; Cong S.; Zhang Y.; Chen M.; Lei J.; Meng Y.; Li X.; Li G.; Co-delivery of honokiol, a constituent of Magnolia species, in a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for improved oral transport of lipophilic sirolimus. Drug Deliv 2016,23(7),2513-2523","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref=2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2011.12.011","volume":"80","author":"Perioli L.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perioli L.; D\u2019Alba G.; Pagano C.; New oral solid dosage form for furosemide oral administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012,80(3),621-629","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"ref=3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2011.03.012","volume":"78","author":"Maestrelli F.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maestrelli F.; Cirri M.; Mennini N.; Zerrouk N.; Mura P.; Improvement of oxaprozin solubility and permeability by the combined use of cyclodextrin, chitosan, and bile components. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011,78(3),385-393","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.04.012","volume":"232","author":"Lopes M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lopes M.; Shrestha N.; Correia A.; Shahbazi M.A.; Sarmento B.; Hirvonen J.; Veiga F.; Sei\u00e7a R.; Ribeiro A.; Santos H.A.; Dual chitosan\/albumin-coated alginate\/dextran sulfate nanoparticles for enhanced oral delivery of insulin. J Control Release 2016,232,29-41","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref=5","first-page":"369","volume":"4","author":"Emami S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emami S.; Valizadeh H.; Islambulchilar Z.; Zakeri-Milani P.; Development and physicochemical characterization of sirolimus solid dispersions prepared by solvent evaporation method. Adv Pharm Bull 2014,4(4),369-374","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.06.019","volume":"472","author":"Qi X.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qi X.; Qin J.; Ma N.; Chou X.; Wu Z.; Solid self-microemulsifying dispersible tablets of celastrol: formulation development, charaterization and bioavailability evaluation. Int J Pharm 2014,472(1-2),40-47","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref=7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2174\/187221111797200551","volume":"5","author":"Iqbal B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Iqbal B.; Ali A.; Ali J.; Baboota S.; Gupta S.; Dang S.; Shadab M.; Sahni J.K.; Recent advances and patents in solid dispersion technology. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul 2011,5(3),244-264","journal-title":"Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul"},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.01.014","volume":"129","author":"Boamah P.O.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boamah P.O.; Huang Y.; Hua M.; Onumah J.; Sam-Amoah L.K.; Boamah P.O.; Qian Y.; Zhang Q.; Sorption of copper onto low molecular weight chitosan derivative from aqueous solution. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016,129,154-163","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2015.11.005","volume":"121","author":"Kaya M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaya M.; Asan-Ozusaglam M.; Erdogan S.; Comparison of antimicrobial activities of newly obtained low molecular weight scorpion chitosan and medium molecular weight commercial chitosan. J Biosci Bioeng 2016,121(6),678-684","journal-title":"J Biosci Bioeng"},{"key":"ref=10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2015.1054829","volume":"23","author":"Abouelmagd S.A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abouelmagd S.A.; Ku Y.J.; Yeo Y.; Low molecular weight chitosan-coated polymeric nanoparticles for sustained and pH-sensitive delivery of paclitaxel. J Drug Target 2015,23(7-8),725-735","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"ref=11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S179101","volume":"13","author":"Guo C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo C.; Zhang J.; Zhang P.; Si A.; Zhang Z.; Zhao L.; Lv F.; Zhao G.; Ginkgolide B ameliorates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019,13,767-774","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"ref=12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02844","volume":"9","author":"Zhang R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang R.; Xu L.; Zhang D.; Hu B.; Luo Q.; Han D.; Li J.; Shen C.; Cardioprotection of ginkgolide B on myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion-induced inflammatory injury via regulation of A20-NF-\u03baB pathway. Front Immunol 2018,9,2844","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref=13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.04.035","volume":"126","author":"Wang S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang S.; Ouyang B.; Aa J.; Geng J.; Fei F.; Wang P.; Wang J.; Peng Y.; Geng T.; Li Y.; Huang W.; Wang Z.; Xiao W.; Wang G.; Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, and ginkgolide K after intravenous infusion of ginkgo diterpene lactones in a rat model. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016,126,109-116","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"ref=14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23306","volume":"92","author":"Wang X.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang X.; Jiang C.M.; Wan H.Y.; Wu J.L.; Quan W.Q.; Wu K.Y.; Li D.; Neuroprotection against permanent focal cerebral ischemia by ginkgolides A and B is associated with obstruction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in rats. J Neurosci Res 2014,92(2),232-242","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref=15","first-page":"1856","volume":"38","author":"Liu D.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu D.; Jia X.B.; Xiao W.; Experimental study on structure optimization of ginkgolide components. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 2013,38(12),1856-1859","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi"},{"key":"ref=16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0433","volume":"80","author":"Shimizu T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shimizu T.; Liao J.K.; Rho kinases and cardiac remodeling. Circ J 2016,80(7),1491-1498","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"ref=17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1109-3405","volume":"86","author":"Achete de Souza G.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Achete de Souza G.; de Marqui S.V.; Matias J.N.; Guiguer E.L.; Barbalho S.M.; Effects of ginkgo biloba on diseases related to oxidative stress. Planta Med 2020,86(6),376-386","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref=18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2014.939983","volume":"22","author":"Wang F.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang F.; Chen L.; Zhang D.; Jiang S.; Shi K.; Huang Y.; Li R.; Xu Q.; Methazolamide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles modified with low-molecular weight chitosan for the treatment of glaucoma: vitro and vivo study. J Drug Target 2014,22(9),849-858","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"ref=19","first-page":"12949","volume":"8","author":"Li G.X.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li G.X.; Gu X.; Song H.Y.; Nan K.H.; Chen H.; Biocompatibility and drug release behavior of chitosan\/poly (vinyl alcohol) corneal shield in vivo. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015,8(8),12949-12955","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref=20","first-page":"181","volume":"82","author":"Lai C.C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lai C.C.; Huang P.H.; Yang A.H.; Chiang S.C.; Tang C.Y.; Tseng K.W.; Huang C.H.; Baicalein, a component of Scutellaria baicalensis, attenuates kidney injury induced by myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Planta Med 2016,82(3),181-189","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref=21","first-page":"588","volume":"71","author":"Zhaocheng J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhaocheng J.; Jinfeng L.; Luchang Y.; Yequan S.; Feng L.; Kai W.; Ginkgolide A inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human coronary artery endothelial cells via downregulation of TLR4-NF-\u03baB signaling through PI3K\/Akt pathway. Pharmazie 2016,71(10),588-591","journal-title":"Pharmazie"}],"container-title":["Current Drug Delivery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/183459","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/183459\/article","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/183459","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T16:18:50Z","timestamp":1615393130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/183459\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1567201817666200704133702","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-2018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-2018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2019-12-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-27","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}