{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:29:10Z","timestamp":1792214950146,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CDD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Migraine is a disabling disease characterized by severe throbbing headaches. Patients demand\nquick relief from this pain. The presence of the blood-brain barrier does not permit the drug to\npenetrate the brain effectively. Administration of conventional anti-migraine medications via oral route\nleads to erratic absorption of drugs. Delayed gastric emptying is also responsible for the ineffective\nabsorption of the drug. Migraine-induced nausea and vomiting further limit patient compliance to oral\nmedication. Other limitations associated with the oral route include extensive first-pass metabolism,\nslow onset of action, inability to cross the blood-brain barrier, requirement of a large amount of\ndose\/dosage, and frequent administration. The anti-migraine drugs used in migraine, such as triptans,\nare therapeutically effective but have low bioavailability on oral administration. Also, these drugs are\nassociated with several cardiovascular complications. The oral dose of most antimigraine drugs, oral\ntriptans, Ergotamine, NSAIDs, and CGRP antagonists is quite high because of their poor bioavailability.\nAs a result, these drugs are associated with several side effects. This aspect necessitates the need to\ndevelop a dosage form that can deliver drugs directly to the brain, thereby reducing the dose. Invasive\ntechniques to deliver these therapeutics to the brain do exist. However, they are painful, require expert\nassistance, and are not a cost-effective approach for migraine treatment. These limitations demand the\ndevelopment of a novel non-invasive approach that is safe, efficacious, and has high patient compliance.\nAccording to reports, it is possible to target the brain tissue by administering the drug intranasally using\nthe olfactory and the trigeminal pathway. This route is non-invasive, avoids first-pass metabolism, eliminates\nnausea and vomiting, helps reduce dose, and thus helps achieve increased patient compliance.\nSome factors like solubility, the lipophilicity of the drug, mucociliary clearance, and enzymatic degradation\nhinder the bioavailability of the drug by nasal route. Therefore, there is a grave need to develop\nnovel nasal formulations with prolonged nasal residence time, which can modulate pharmacokinetics\nfor adequate therapeutic response and render efficient yet robust brain targeting. Considering these challenges,\ndeveloping an efficient intranasal dosage form is necessary. This review gives a brief overview\nof all the novel carriers reported for improving the treatment of migraine. Nanocarrier-based delivery\nsystems like in-situ gels, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanoparticles, vesicular systems, micelles, and\nmicrospheres used in nose to brain delivery of migraine therapeutics are also discussed in the article.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201819666220401091632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T18:09:36Z","timestamp":1649009376000},"page":"144-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Exploring Nose to Brain Nano Delivery for Effective Management of\nMigraine"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-7787","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vidhi","family":"Tanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM\u2019s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai,\nIndia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0473-4979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sujata P.","family":"Sawarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM\u2019s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai,\nIndia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-0617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Padmini","family":"Ravikumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM\u2019s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai,\nIndia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","first-page":"706","author":"Borsook D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borsook D.; Maleki N.; Burstein D.N.; Migraine. 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