{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:03:26Z","timestamp":1771257806363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CTMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background &amp; Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The kynurenine pathway is involved in inflammatory diseases. Alterations\nof this pathway were shown in psychiatric entities as well. The aim of this study was to determine\nwhether specific changes in kynurenine metabolism are associated with current mood symptoms in bipolar\ndisorder.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sum scores of the Hamilton Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Young Mania\nRating Scale were collected from 156 bipolar individuals to build groups of depressive, manic and\neuthymic subjects according to predefined cut-off scores. Severity of current mood symptoms was correlated\nwith activities of the enzymes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (ratio of 3-hydroxykynurenine\/\nkynurenine), kynurenine aminotransferase (ratio of kynurenic acid\/ kynurenine) and kynureninase (ratio of\n3-hydroxyanthranilic acid\/ 3-hydroxykynurenine), proxied by ratios of serum concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Individuals with manic symptoms showed a shift towards higher kynurenine 3-monooxygenase\nactivity (\u03c72 = 7.14, Df = 2, p = .028), compared to euthymic as well as depressed individuals. There were no\ndifferences between groups regarding activity of kynurenine aminotransferase and kynureninase. Within\nthe group of depressed patients, Hamilton Depression Scale and kynurenine aminotransferase showed a\nsignificant negative correlation (r = -0.41, p = .036), displaying lower metabolism in the direction of\nkynurenic acid.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> Depression severity in bipolar disorder seems to be associated with a decreased synthesis of\nputative neuroprotective kynurenic acid. Furthermore, higher kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity in currently\nmanic individuals indicates an increased inflammatory state within bipolar disorder with more severe\ninflammation during manic episodes. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the different affective\nepisodes could represent parallel mechanisms rather than opposed processes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026619666190802145128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,4]],"date-time":"2019-08-04T11:38:57Z","timestamp":1564918737000},"page":"1344-1352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Differences in Kynurenine Metabolism During Depressive, Manic, and Euthymic Phases of Bipolar Affective Disorder"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Maget","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Platzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne A.","family":"Bengesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederike T.","family":"Fellendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Birner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Queissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Reininghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Hecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Tomberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e8","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Dalkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Moll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine Medical Center of Munich University (LMU), Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Sch\u00fctze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine Medical Center of Munich University (LMU), Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine Medical Center of Munich University (LMU), Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans P.","family":"Kapfhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva Z.","family":"Reininghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-011-3415-3","volume":"83","author":"Pfennig A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pfennig A.; 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