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Therefore, new molecules with different mechanisms of action\nare extremely necessary. Due to their unique properties, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a valid\nalternative to conventional antibiotics and many of them have been characterized for their activity and\ncytotoxicity. However, the effects that these peptides cause at concentrations below the minimum\ngrowth inhibitory concentration (MIC) have yet to be fully analyzed along with the underlying molecular\nmechanism. In this mini-review, the ability of AMPs to synergize with different antibiotic classes or\ndifferent natural compounds is examined. Furthermore, data on microbial resistance induction are reported\nto highlight the importance of antibiotic resistance in the fight against infections. Finally, the effects\nthat sub-MIC levels of AMPs can have on the bacterial pathogenicity are summarized while showing\nhow signaling pathways can be valid therapeutic targets for the treatment of infectious diseases. All\nthese aspects support the high potential of AMPs as lead compounds for the development of new drugs\nwith antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200427090912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T17:03:40Z","timestamp":1588007020000},"page":"1264-1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Antimicrobial Peptides and their Multiple Effects at Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Casciaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Life Nano Science @ Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome 00161, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Floriana","family":"Cappiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Verrusio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Cacciafesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Mangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190722095408","volume":"27","author":"Casciaro B.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Casciaro B.; Cappiello F.; Loffredo M.R.; Ghirga F.; Mangoni M.L.; The potential of frog skin peptides for anti-infective therapies: the case of esculentin-1a(1-21)NH. 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