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Signs of\nan activated immune system i.e. increases in the serum concentrations of soluble biomarkers such as\nneopterin or accelerated tryptophan breakdown along the kynurenine axis develop in a significant proportion\nof patients with dementia and correlate with the course of the disease, and they also have a predictive\nvalue. Changes in biomarker concentrations are reported to be associated with systemic infections\nby pathogens such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and bacterial content in saliva. More recently, the\npossible influence of microbiome composition on Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) pathogenesis has been\nobserved. These observations suggest that brain pathology is not the sole factor determining the pathogenesis\nof AD. Interestingly, patients with AD display drastic changes in markers of immune activation\nin the circulation and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Other data have suggested the involvement of factors\nextrinsic to the brain in the pathogenesis of AD. However, currently, neither the roles of these factors\nnor their importance has been clearly defined.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200514090359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T16:43:21Z","timestamp":1589474601000},"page":"1415-1421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["On the Possible Relevance of Bottom-up Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Leblhuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostja","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Geisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Gostner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199915050-00004","volume":"15","author":"Fratiglioni L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fratiglioni L.; De Ronchi D.; Ag\u00fcero-Torres H.; Worldwide prevalence and incidence of dementia. 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