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However, no currently\navailable medicines can control dementia progression. Rhizoma coptidis, a Chinese herbal medicine, has\nbeen used for &gt;2000 years and is now gaining attention as a potential treatment for AD and VaD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title> Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We reviewed the mechanisms of the active ingredients of Rhizoma coptidis and Rhizoma\ncoptidis-containing Chinese herbal compounds in the treatment of AD and VaD. We focused on studies\non ameliorating the risk factors and the pathological changes of these diseases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Rhizoma coptidis active ingredients include berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine,\njatrorrhizine and protopine. The most widely studied ingredient is berberine, which has extensive therapeutic\neffects on the risk factors and pathogenesis of dementia. It can control blood glucose and lipid\nlevels, regulate blood pressure, ameliorate atherosclerosis, inhibit cholinesterase activity, A\u03b2 generation,\nand tau hyperphosphorylation, decrease neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and alleviate cognitive\nimpairment. Other ingredients (such as jatrorrhizine, coptisine, epiberberine and palmatine) also regulate\nblood lipids and blood pressure; however, there are relatively few studies on them. Rhizoma\ncoptidis-containing Chinese herbal compounds like Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang, Huanglian Wendan Decoction,\nBanxia Xiexin Decoction and Huannao Yicong Formula have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant\nstress activities, regulate insulin signaling, inhibit \u03b3-secretase activity, neuronal apoptosis, tau hyperphosphorylation,\nand A\u03b2 deposition, and promote neural stem cell differentiation, thereby improving\ncognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The \u201cOne-Molecule, One-Target\u201d paradigm has suffered heavy setbacks, but a \u201cmultitarget-\ndirected ligands\u201d strategy may be viable. Rhizoma coptidis active ingredients and Rhizoma coptidiscontaining\nChinese herbal compounds have multi-aspect therapeutic effects on AD and VaD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190710151545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T09:57:30Z","timestamp":1562839050000},"page":"358-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["<i>Rhizoma Coptidis<\/i> for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Vascular Dementia: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8502-2556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180416","volume":"66","author":"Bacigalupo I.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bacigalupo I.; Mayer F.; Lacorte E.; Di Pucchio A.; Marzolini F.; Canevelli M.; Di Fiandra T.; Vanacore N.; A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of dementia in Europe: estimates from the highest-quality studies adopting the DSM IV diagnostic criteria. 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