{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:49:47Z","timestamp":1789177787513,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CVP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by venous,\narterial or microvascular thrombosis or obstetric events in the presence of persistently positive\nantiphospholipid antibodies and constitutes a major cause of cardiovascular events in young people.\n\u03a4his review highlights the pathophysiology of cardiovascular complications in patients with APS and\npossible treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with APS have endothelial dysfunction, accelerated endothelial proliferation and intimal hyperplasia,\natherogenesis, platelet activation, inflammatory products secretion and coagulation-fibrinolytic\ndysregulation. Cardiovascular complications include accelerated atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome,\nLibman-Sacks endocarditis, cardiomyopathy and venous, arterial or intracardiac thrombi.\nMoreover, pulmonary hypertension and peripheral microvascular dysfunction are common findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Management of these patients is not well documented. The role of primary thrombosis prevention remains\ncontroversial in individuals with positive antiphospholipid antibodies. Treatment of traditional\ncardiovascular risk factors according to current guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease\nin the general population is recommended for primary prevention of APS. Anticoagulation therapy with\nunfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin overlapped with a vitamin K antagonist remains the\nmainstay of the treatment for APS patients with venous thrombosis, whereas direct oral anticoagulants\nare not yet recommended. Data are scarce regarding the secondary arterial thrombosis prevention and it\nis not clear whether dual or triple antithrombotic therapy is necessary. To date, it is recommended to\nfollow current guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndrome in the general population.\nNew treatment targets are promising options for patients with catastrophic APS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190830101341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T14:59:53Z","timestamp":1568732393000},"page":"538-548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cardiovascular Disease in Antiphospholipid Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6151-5938","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kali","family":"Polytarchou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-2095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Varvarousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonis S.","family":"Manolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x","volume":"4","author":"Miyakis S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miyakis S.; Lockshin M.D.; Atsumi T.; International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). 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