{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:03:33Z","timestamp":1789873413570,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["240\/7116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240\/7116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CDDT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of Echium amoenum\nplants on the liver and kidney of the animal model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echium amoenum is one of the medicinal plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids\nwith several properties which has widely consumed among different communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The toxic effects of Echium amoenum on the liver and kidney were investigated in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty mice were kept for 28 days under the appropriate laboratory conditions. Echium\namoenum extract (25, 12.5, 50 mg \/ kg, ip.) was administered for 28 days. At the end of the experiment,\nblood samples were drawn and liver and kidneys were removed for evaluating hepatotoxicity\nand nephrotoxicity of extract. Additionally, experiments were conducted to assay the enzymatic\nand oxidative activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no significant difference in the levels of copper ion in the liver and kidneys\namong all groups. There was a significant difference in the levels of lipid peroxidation in the liver\nof treated groups versus the control group. The significant difference was not observed in the levels\nof glutathione of the liver of all groups. However, the levels of glutathione of the kidney significantly\ndecreased in the treated groups versus the control group. There was no significant difference\nin the liver enzymes, including ALP, SGOT, and SGPT, between all groups. This indicates\nthat damage increases with enhancing the time and concentrations of the extract. Biochemical\nanalysis showed the creatinine and urea levels did not change in the treated groups versus the control\ngroup.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to the present findings, it is suggested that Echium amoenum causes hepatotoxicity\nand nephrotoxicity effects in dose and time-dependent manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163817666200712170922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]],"date-time":"2020-07-12T15:24:16Z","timestamp":1594567456000},"page":"548-553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Toxicity Effect of Echium amoenum on the Liver and Kidney of Mice"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mozhgan","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Araghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabi","family":"Shariatifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hooman","family":"Mirbaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amol Pars Laboratory, Amol,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behrokh Marzban","family":"Abbasabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Samarghandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahereh","family":"Farkhondeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Sadighara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.220970","volume":"13","author":"Naseri N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naseri N.; Kalantar K.; Amirghofran Z.; Anti-inflammatory activity of Echium amoenum extract on macrophages mediated by inhibition of inflammatory mediators and cytokines expression. Res Pharm Sci 2018,13(1),73-81","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref=2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3233\/JIN-180093","volume":"17","author":"Sadeghi L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sadeghi L.; Yousefi Babadi V.; Tanwir F.; Improving effects of Echium amoenum aqueous extract on rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Integr Neurosci 2018,17(3-4),661-669","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref=3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2006.772.776","volume":"9","author":"Heidari M.R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heidari M.R.; Mandegary A.; Hosseini A.; Vahedian M.; Anticonvulsant effect of methanolic extract of Echium amoenum and C.A. Mey. Against seizure induced by picrotoxin in mice. Pak J Biol Sci 2006,9,772-776","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.18433\/J3BG7J","volume":"18","author":"Neuman M.G.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neuman M.G.; Cohen L.; Opris M.; Nanau R.M.; Hyunjin J.; Hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015,18(4),825-843","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref=5","first-page":"148","volume":"2","author":"Abu Bin Nyeem M.","unstructured":"Abu Bin Nyeem M.; Sadul Haque M.; Abdul Hoque M.; Islam M.; Islam S.; Phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity of Gauzaban (Borago officinalis Linn). Int J Food Sci Nutr ,2,148-152","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref=6","first-page":"91","volume":"2","author":"Gholamzadeh S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gholamzadeh S.; Zare S.; Ilkhanipoor M.; Evaluation of the anxiolytic effect of Echium amoenum petals extract, during chronic treatment in rat. Res Pharm Sci 2007,2,91-95","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref=7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.12.006","volume":"47","author":"Sici\u0144ska P.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sici\u0144ska P.; Bukowska B.; Micha\u0142owicz J.; Duda W.; Damage of cell membrane and antioxidative system in human erythrocytes incubated with microcystin-LR in vitro. Toxicon 2006,47(4),387-397","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.11.4373","volume":"91","author":"Gibson X.A.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gibson X.A.; Shartava A.; McIntyre J.; The efficacy of reducing agents or antioxidants in blocking the formation of dense cells and irreversibly sickled cells in vitro. Blood 1998,91(11),4373-4378","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-007-0777-0","volume":"160","author":"Apak R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Apak R.; Guclu K.; Ozy\u00fcrek M.; \u00c7elik S.; Mechanism of antioxidant capacity assays and the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay. Mikrochim Acta 2008,160,413-419","journal-title":"Mikrochim Acta"},{"key":"ref=10","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"Sadighara P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sadighara P.; Jahanbakhsh M.; Araghi A.; Jahed Khaniki G.H.; Sharieatifar N.; Investigation of the hepatic effects of stevioside on chicken embryo method. Published online. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2017,12,1-4","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod"},{"key":"ref=11","first-page":"53","volume":"4","author":"Sadighara P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sadighara P.; Araghi A.; Sayrafi R.; Sepehri Moghaddam H.; The injection of rice bran oil to avian egg: focus on carotenoids content of liver and brain in embryonic period. J HerbMed Pharmacol 2015,4,53-55","journal-title":"J HerbMed Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=12","first-page":"3343","volume":"7","author":"Gupta E.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta E.; Purwar S.; Sundaram S.; Rai G.K.; Nutritional and therapeutic values of stevia rebaudiana. J Med Plants Res 2013,7,3343-3353","journal-title":"J Med Plants Res"},{"key":"ref=13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/465897","author":"Ozbek E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ozbek E.; Induction of oxidative stress in kidney. Int J Nephrol 2012","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref=14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.615319","volume":"49","author":"Waring W.S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waring W.S.; Moonie A.; Earlier recognition of nephrotoxicity using novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011,49(8),720-728","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref=15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/461415","author":"Al-Attar A.M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Attar A.M.; Abu Zeid I.M.; Effect of tea (Camellia sinensis) and olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves extracts on male mice exposed to diazinon. BioMed Res Int 2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"ref=16","first-page":"148","volume":"2","author":"Abu Bin Nyeem M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abu Bin Nyeem M.; Sadul Haque M.; Abdul Hoqu M.; Islam M.; Islam S.; Phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity of Gauzaban (Borago officinalis Linn): A review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017,2,148-152","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"}],"container-title":["Current Drug Discovery Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/article\/download?doi=10.2174\/1570163817666200712170922","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/183678\/article","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/article\/download?doi=10.2174\/1570163817666200712170922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T16:34:44Z","timestamp":1656174884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/183678\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570163817666200712170922","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-1638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-1638","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2020-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-13","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}