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Spiro1,4\u2013dihydropyridines were\nsynthesized using numerous reported methods including bronested acids such as p-TSA, AcOH, nano-ranged\ncalix[4]arene tetracarboxylic acid, sulfamic acid, PEG-OSO3H, tetramethylguanidinium triflate; lewis acids\nincluding Zn(OTf)2, FeCl3, copper, alum, aluminosilicate nanoparticles, MnFe2O4 nanoparticles, manganese\nferrite nanoparticles, BF3OEt2; under alkaline conditions such as Et3N and piperidine; ionic liquids such as\n[KAl(SO4)2\u00b712H2O] and [Bmim]PF6, [MIM(CH2)4SO3H][HSO4]; and other miscellaneous procedures, for\nexample, microwave-assisted catalyst and solvent-free conditions, using iodine, PEG-400, and NaCl.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1570179417666200415150027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T17:51:06Z","timestamp":1586973066000},"page":"324-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synthesis of Spiro1,4\u2013Dihydropyridines: A Review"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Sadri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0255-6988","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farahnaz K.","family":"Behbahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","first-page":"216","volume":"49","author":"Guillaumet G.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Guillaumet G.; [New serotonergic ligands with a benzopyran or dioxinopyridine structure: synthesis and activity]. 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