{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:40:06Z","timestamp":1792194006191,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CDR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The various manifestations of diabetic neuropathy, including distal symmetric sensorimotor\npolyneuropathy (DSPN) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), are among the\nmost prevalent chronic complications of diabetes. Major clinical complications of diabetic neuropathies,\nsuch as neuropathic pain, chronic foot ulcers, and orthostatic hypotension, are associated\nwith considerable morbidity, increased mortality, and diminished quality of life. Despite the substantial\nindividual and socioeconomic burden, the strategies to diagnose and treat diabetic neuropathies\nremain insufficient. This review provides an overview of the current clinical aspects and recent\nadvances in exploring local and systemic biomarkers of both DSPN and CAN assessed in human\nstudies (such as biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress) for better understanding of\nthe underlying pathophysiology and for improving early detection. Current therapeutic options for\nDSPN are (I) causal treatment, including lifestyle modification, optimal glycemic control, and multifactorial\nrisk intervention, (II) pharmacotherapy derived from pathogenetic concepts, and (III)\nanalgesic treatment against neuropathic pain. Recent advances in each category are discussed, including\nnon-pharmacological approaches, such as electrical stimulation. Finally, the current therapeutic\noptions for cardiovascular autonomic complications are provided. These insights should contribute\nto a broader understanding of the various manifestations of diabetic neuropathies from both\nthe research and clinical perspectives.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399817666210412123740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T05:09:44Z","timestamp":1618290584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Diagnostic Tools, Biomarkers, and Treatments in Diabetic polyneuropathy\nand Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1446-6592","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gidon J.","family":"B\u00f6nhof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine\nUniversity D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany | Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital,\nHeinrich Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Herder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine\nUniversity D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany | Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital,\nHeinrich Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany | German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner D\u00fcsseldorf,\nM\u00fcnchen-Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8956-3552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dan","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine\nUniversity D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany | Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital,\nHeinrich Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany | German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner D\u00fcsseldorf,\nM\u00fcnchen-Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","year":"2019","unstructured":"IDF Diabetes Atlas 2019","journal-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas"},{"key":"ref=2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2042","volume":"40","author":"Pop-Busui R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pop-Busui R.; Boulton A.J.M.; Feldman E.L.; Bril V.; Freeman R.; Malik R.A.; Sosenko J.M.; Ziegler D.; Diabetic Neuropathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. 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