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Antagonists of \u03b2-adrenergic receptors, known as \u03b2-blockers, have been used effectively for over four decades and have beneficial effects in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There are three generations of \u03b2-blockers according to their pharmacological properties. Firstgeneration \u03b2-blockers are non-selective, blocking both \u03b21- and \u03b22-receptors; second-generation \u03b2- blockers are more cardioselective in that they are more selective for \u03b21-receptors; and thirdgeneration \u03b2-blockers are highly selective drugs for \u03b21-receptors. The latter also display vasodilator actions by blocking \u03b11-adrenoreceptors and activating \u03b23-adrenergic receptors. In addition, thirdgeneration \u03b2-blockers exhibit angiogenic, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-hypertrophic and antiapoptotic activities among other effects that are still under investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this review is to describe the evolution observed during the development of the three distinctive generations, thereby highlighting the advantages of third-generation \u03b2- blockers over the other two drug classes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402114666180918102735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]],"date-time":"2018-09-26T11:13:40Z","timestamp":1537960420000},"page":"22-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Three Generations of \u03b2-blockers: History, Class Differences and Clinical Applicability"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gabriel T.","family":"do Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla S.","family":"Ceron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia A.","family":"Gonzaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janaina A.","family":"Simplicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falio C.","family":"Padovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, New York, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1906.sp001148","volume":"34","author":"Dale H.H.","year":"1906","unstructured":"Dale HH. 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