{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:35:47Z","timestamp":1792164947558,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CMIR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our aim is to develop 3D printed chitosan-gelatin-alginate scaffolds using a costeffective\nin house designed 3D printer followed by its characterization. To observe chondrocyte differentiation\non 3D printed scaffolds as part of scaffold application.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cartilage is considered to be a significant tissue in humans. It is present in between\nthe rib cage, the lobe of the ear, nasal septum in the form of hyaline cartilage, in between ribs costal\ncartilage, intervertebral discs in the form of fibrocartilage, meniscus, larynx, epiglottis and between\nvarious joints of bones. To replace or repair damaged tissues due to disorders or trauma,\nthousands of surgical procedures are performed daily. 3D printing plays a crucial role in the development\nof controlled porous architectures of scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration. Advancement\nin 3D printing technology like inkjet, micro- extrusion in 3D bioprinting, Laser-assisted 3D\nBioprinting (LAB), stereolithography combination with biomaterials plays a crucial role in the\nquick development of patient-specific articulating cartilage when need in a short period frame.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our objective is to develop different compositions of chitosan-gelatin-alginate composite\nhydrogel scaffolds with controlled porosity and architectures with the application of 3D\nprinting and observe the growth of cartilage on it. To achieve as proposed, an in-house 3D paste extruder\nprinter was developed, which is capable of printing porous composite chitosan hydrogel scaffolds\nof desired architecture layer by layer. After the characterization of 3D printed chitosan composite\nscaffolds, the differentiation of chondrocyte was observed using hMSC.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In present paper process for the development of chitosan-alginate-gelatin composite hydrogel,\n3D printing, morphological characterization, and observation for differentiation of chondrocytes\ncells on 3D printed chitosan composite hydrogels is presented. The present study is divided\ninto three parts: in first part development of composite chitosan-alginate-gelatin hydrogel with the\nutilization of in house customized assembled paste extruder based 3D printer, which is capable of\nprinting chitosan composite hydrogels. In the second part, the characterization of 3D printed chitosan\ncomposite scaffolds hydrogel is performed for evaluating the morphological, mechanical,\nand physical properties. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by Fourier Transform\nInfrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy\nSEM, swelling property, mechanical testing, porosity, etc. In the last part of the study, the differentiation\nof chondrocytes cells was observed with human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSC) on 3D\nprinted scaffolds and showed positive results for the same.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Stereolithography (STL) files of 3D models for porous chitosan composite were developed\nusing Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and printed with a hydrogel flow rate within the range\nof 0.2-0.25 ml\/min. The prepared scaffolds are highly porous, having optimum porosity, optimal\nmechanical strength to sustain the cartilage formation. The 3D printed chitosan composite scaffolds\nshow supports for the differentiation of chondrocytes. The above study is helpful for in-vivo\nregeneration of cartilage for patients having related cartilage disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This method helps in regeneration of degenerated cartilage for patient-specific and\nform above experiment we also concluded that 3D printed chitosan scaffold is best suited for the regeneration\nof chondrocyte cells.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1573405616666201217112939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T07:26:13Z","timestamp":1608276373000},"page":"832-842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["3D Printed Chitosan Composite Scaffold for Chondrocytes Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-4363","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nitin","family":"Sahai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manashjit","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi Prakash","family":"Tewari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(03)00033-7","volume":"21","author":"Mironov V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mironov V.; Boland T.; Trusk T.; Forgacs G.; Markwald R.R.; Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. 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