{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T07:24:09Z","timestamp":1747207449336,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although it takes more time, the Glucagon Stimulation Test (GST) is a reliable\nmeasure for assessing growth hormone (GH) and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secretion.\nThe GST is considered to be a safe test; however, it still has mild side effects and potential\nrisks.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective :<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objective of this study was to analyze the side effects of the GST while testing\nadrenal-insufficient patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was a prospective study in which GST was performed in eighty-one patients (44\nmen, 37 women, mean age: 35.83A9.62 years) with the pituitary disorder. The GST consisted of an\nintramuscular injection of 1 mg of glucagon. Blood samples were collected at baseline, and 30, 60,\n90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 min after glucagon injection for cortisol measurements. All patients\nwere asked to report side effects associated with this test.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean peak blood glucose level under GST was 9.01A.03 mmol\/L, and the mean\nglycemic nadir was 4.34A.75 mmol\/L most frequently found during the 30th minute (p &lt;10-3).\nDuring the test, 35 subjects (43.2%) had side effects with a mean age of 42.89 A19.75 years. Frequent\nside effects included: nausea (29.62%), vomiting (27.16%), abdominal cramps (18.51%) and\nhunger (13.58%). All patients tolerated the test until the end. Adverse effects were significantly\nmore prevalent in patients older than 50 years (p=0.012).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The GST is a reliable alternative to assess the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis\nbut should be cautiously used especially in the elderly, despite minor side effects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886316666210727152000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T05:42:21Z","timestamp":1627450941000},"page":"59-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Safety Assessment and Potential Risks of the Glucagon Stimulation Test in\nthe Diagnosis of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8387-8278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taieb","family":"Ach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asma Ben","family":"Abdelkrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosra","family":"Hasni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghada","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Kacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of farhat hached Sousse, Endocrinology ,Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molka","family":"Chaieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hormonal Physiology,\nUniversity Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"Zaouali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Maaroufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koussay","family":"Ach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161407.DSCR","volume":"22","author":"Yuen KC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuen KC; Tritos NA; Samson SL; Hoffman AR; Katznelson L; American association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology disease state clinical review: Update on growth hormone stimulation testing and proposed revised cut- point for the glucagon stimulation test in the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency. 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