{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:53:00Z","timestamp":1790661180619,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RRCT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Infectious diarrhea is the most common cause of diarrhea worldwide and\nis responsible for more deaths than other gastrointestinal tract diseases such as gastrointestinal cancers,\npeptic ulcer disease or inflammatory bowel disease. Diarrheal disease still represents the 8th\nleading cause of death worldwide, with more than 1,6 million attributed fatalities in 2016 alone.\nThe majority of cases can be divided into three principal clinical presentations: acute watery diarrhea\nlasting 5-10 days and normally self-limiting, bloody diarrhea (dysentery), and persistent diarrhea\nwith or without intestinal malabsorption.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We performed an electronic search on PUBMED of the scientific literature concerning\ninfectious diarrhea and its clinical management.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this review article, we analyze the most important causes of infectious diarrhea and their\nconstellation of signs and symptoms, providing an update on the diagnostic tools available in today\u2019s\npractice and on the different treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> Even though the majority of intestinal infections are self-limiting in immunocompetent\nindividuals, specific diagnosis and identification of the causative agent remain crucial from\npublic health and epidemiological perspectives. Specific diagnostic investigation can be reserved\nfor patients with severe dehydration, more severe illness, persistent fever, bloody stools, immunosuppression,\nand for cases of suspected nosocomial infection or outbreak and it includes complete\nblood count, creatinine and electrolytes evaluation, determination of leukocytes and lactoferrin\npresence in the stools, stool culture, together with C. difficile testing, PCR, ova and parasites'\nsearch, endoscopy and abdominal imaging. Since acute diarrhea is most often self-limited and\ncaused by viruses, routine antibiotic use is not recommended for most adults with mild, watery diarrhea.\nHowever, when used appropriately, antibiotics are effective against shigellosis, campylobacteriosis,\nC. difficile colitis, traveler\u2019s diarrhea, and protozoal infections. Furthermore, antibiotics use\nshould be considered in patients who are older than 65 years, immunocompromised, severely ill, or\nseptic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1574887115666200628144128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T17:03:25Z","timestamp":1593450205000},"page":"298-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Clinical Management of Infectious Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Siciliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS \u2013 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico Celestino","family":"Nista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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