{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:40:33Z","timestamp":1753890033030,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CPEMH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Cocaine\/crack use affects immune system molecules and development of mental disorders has been identified.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the relationship of polymorphisms in the TNFA<\/jats:italic> (-308G\/A), IL-10 (-819C\/T) and ENOS<\/jats:italic> (-786T\/C) genes with mental disorders in cocaine and crack users.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A case-control study was carried out, which included 107 cocaine and crack users and 115 controls who never used healthy cocaine and crack. The SNPs in the TNFA<\/jats:italic> (-308G\/A), IL-10<\/jats:italic> (-819C\/T) and ENOS<\/jats:italic> (-786T\/C) genes were genotyped by real time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n As for the individuals included in this study, the average age of 31.4 years (\u00b1 8.59). We identified that the G\/A genotype to TNFA (-308) (OR = 0.24; p = 0.03) and the A allele (OR = 0.30; p = 0.03) were associated with reduced risk for dysthymic disorder. The T allele of the IL-10 (-819) polymorphism was associated with decreased risk of developing panic disorder (OR = 0.44; p = 0.01), while the C allele was correlated with an increased risk for alcohol dependence (OR = 1.97; p = 0.04), alcohol abuse (OR = 1.81; p = 0.04) and psychotic syndrome (OR = 2.23; p = 0.01). C\/C genotype was correlated with increased chances of developing current psychotic syndrome (OR = 4.23; p = 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms promote susceptibility or promote protection for clinical phenotypes of psychiatric comorbidities in cocaine and crack users and be considered as good prognostic markers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/17450179-v18-e2201140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T09:52:12Z","timestamp":1644313932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IL-10 (-819C\/T), TNFA (-30G\/A) and ENOS (-786T\/C) Polymorphisms Modulating the Outcome Related to Mental Disorders in Crack Addicted Users"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-6107","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana Caroline Melo","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9049-8743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara Rayssa Correia","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9143-6165","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruna Brand\u00e3o","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6216-6522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edilson Leite","family":"de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7597-3761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abel Barbosa Lira","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-5654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aline Cristine","family":"Pereira e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1352-2513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karol Fireman","family":"de Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4343-2941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ver\u00f4nica","family":"de Medeiros Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2152-4669","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Eg\u00eddio","family":"Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-5861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elaine Virg\u00ednia Martins","family":"de Souza Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"United nations office on drugs and crime. \n World Drug Report 2016 16th ed. \n \n \n \n 2016.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814508957_0005"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102011005000066","volume":"45","author":"Chaves T.V.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chaves TV, Sanchez ZM, Ribeiro LA, Nappo SA. \n Crack cocaine craving: Behaviors and coping strategies among current and former users. \n Rev Saude Publica \n 2011; \n 45\n (6)\n : 1168-75.","journal-title":"Rev. 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