{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T04:30:37Z","timestamp":1771648237358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CPEMH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Quarantine measures during the COVID-19 lockdown had a negative impact on children\u2019s psychology and development. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the psychological impact of quarantine on children due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia and to assess types of reported child maltreatment before and after the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey among parents was performed along with a retrospective data review for anonymized data from the National Family Safety Program, Saudi Arabia. 436 children participated in this survey during June-November 2020.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The percentage of fathers with an organic or psychological illness in the children with elevated anxiety levels is 18.5% (p-value = 0.019). The anxiety level of the participants was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7). Based on the scores, 10.1% had severe anxiety. The depression level of the participants was assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Based on the scores, 4.4% had severe depression. The anxiety level of the children was assessed using Spence Children\u2019s Anxiety Scale \u2013 Parent (SCAS-Parent). Based on the overall score, 28.1% of the children had elevated anxiety levels. The anxiety level was elevated in a panic attack and agoraphobia for 36.8% of the kids, in separation anxiety for 26.8%, in physical injury fears for 35.1%, in social phobia for 19%, in obsessive-compulsive for 25.1%, and in generalized anxiety disorder\/overanxious for 27.3%.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Quarantine and lockdown during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic have had a negative impact and many adverse effects on the mental and intellectual development of children. These negative outcomes may be addressed <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> well-planned multilevel interventions.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/17450179-v18-e2203210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T10:38:18Z","timestamp":1661337498000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Psychosocial Impact of Lockdown on Children due to COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6376-8269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Alnamnakani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-0960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuliweeh","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4389-9322","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hani","family":"Temsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7053-8031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Alothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9392-0604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rozan Esam","family":"Murshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1029-1783","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hana","family":"Alonazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5413-1733","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haitham","family":"Alqurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1744483","volume":"9","author":"Su L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su L, Ma X, Yu H, et al. \n                    The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China - the character of children with COVID-19. \n                    Emerg Microbes Infect  \n                    2020; \n                    9\n                    (1)\n                    : 707-13.","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00217","volume":"8","author":"Al-Hanawi M.K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Hanawi MK, Angawi K, Alshareef N, et al. \n                    Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. \n                    Front Public Health  \n                    2020; \n                    8\n                    : 217.","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2015.02.001","volume":"45","author":"Jackson A.M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson AM, Kissoon N, Greene C. \n                    Aspects of abuse: Recognizing and responding to child maltreatment. \n                    Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care  \n                    2015; \n                    45\n                    (3)\n                    : 58-70.","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Marques ES, Moraes CL, Hasselmann MH, et al. \n                    Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: Overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures. Cad SaudePublica. \n                    2020."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.40.2.04","volume":"40","author":"Campeau A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campeau A, Qadri S, Barakat F, et al. \n                    At-a-glance - The child maltreatment surveillance indicator framework. \n                    Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can  \n                    2020; \n                    40\n                    (2)\n                    : 58-61.","journal-title":"Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1551","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-16-00039","volume":"182","author":"McCarroll J.E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCarroll JE, Fisher JE, Cozza SJ, Robichaux RJ, Fullerton CS. \n                    Characteristics, Classification, and Prevention of Child Maltreatment Fatalities. \n                    Mil Med  \n                    2017; \n                    182\n                    (1)\n                    : e1551-7.","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Rizvi MB, Conners GP, Rabiner J. \n                    New York State Child Abuse, Maltreatment, and Neglect. \n                    StatPearls \n                    \n                    \n                    2021."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-017-0167-7","volume":"12","author":"Alsehaimi A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alsehaimi A, Barron I, Hodson A. \n                    Physical Child Abuse by Parents and Teachers in Saudi Arabia: a Systematic Literature Review. \n                    J Child Adolesc Trauma  \n                    2017; \n                    12\n                    (1)\n                    : 107-17.","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Trauma"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2015.1088813","volume":"31","author":"Zhang W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang W, Ma Y, Chen J. \n                    Child psychological maltreatment and its correlated factors in chinese families. \n                    Soc Work Public Health  \n                    2016; \n                    31\n                    (3)\n                    : 204-14.","journal-title":"Soc. Work Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30736-4","volume":"395","author":"Cluver L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cluver L, Lachman JM, Sherr L, et al. \n                    Parenting in a time of COVID-19. \n                    Lancet  \n                    2020; \n                    395\n                    (10231)\n                    : e64.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.02.024","volume":"80","author":"Yang P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang P, Liu P, Li D, Zhao D. \n                    Corona Virus Disease 2019, a growing threat to children? \n                    J Infect  \n                    2020; \n                    80\n                    (6)\n                    : 671-93.","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12325","volume":"42","author":"Al-Eissa M.A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Eissa MA, Saleheen HN, AlMadani S, et al. \n                    Determining prevalence of maltreatment among children in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. \n                    Child Care Health Dev  \n                    2016; \n                    42\n                    (4)\n                    : 565-71.","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03347-3","volume":"87","author":"Saurabh K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saurabh K, Ranjan S. \n                    Compliance and psychological impact of quarantine in children and adolescents due to COVID-19 pandemic. \n                    Indian J Pediatr  \n                    2020; \n                    87\n                    (7)\n                    : 532-6.","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113429","volume":"293","author":"Singh S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh S, Roy D, Sinha K, Parveen S, Sharma G, Joshi G. \n                    Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. \n                    Psychiatry Res  \n                    2020; \n                    293\n                    : 113429.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30096-1","volume":"4","author":"Liu J.J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L. \n                    Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. \n                    Lancet Child Adolesc Health  \n                    2020; \n                    4\n                    (5)\n                    : 347-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19867","DOI":"10.2196\/19867","volume":"3","author":"Ye J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye J. \n                    Pediatric mental and behavioral health in the period of quarantine and social distancing with COVID-19. \n                    JMIR Pediatr Parent  \n                    2020; \n                    3\n                    (2)\n                    : e19867.","journal-title":"JMIR Pediatr. Parent."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","volume":"395","author":"Brooks S.K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. \n                    The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. \n                    Lancet  \n                    2020; \n                    395\n                    (10227)\n                    : 912-20.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048","volume":"89","author":"Vindegaard N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vindegaard N, Benros ME. \n                    COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. \n                    Brain Behav Immun  \n                    2020; \n                    89\n                    : 531-42.","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00728-y","volume":"57","author":"Shah S.M.A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah SMA, Mohammad D, Qureshi MFH, Abbas MZ, Aleem S. \n                    Prevalence, psychological responses and associated correlates of depression, anxiety and stress in a global population, during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. \n                    Community Ment Health J  \n                    2021; \n                    57\n                    (1)\n                    : 101-10.","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.135","volume":"277","author":"Khan A.H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan AH, Sultana MS, Hossain S, Hasan MT, Ahmed HU, Sikder MT. \n                    The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health & wellbeing among home-quarantined Bangladeshi students: A cross-sectional pilot study. \n                    J Affect Disord  \n                    2020; \n                    277\n                    : 121-8.","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105866","volume":"121","author":"Chaturvedi K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaturvedi K, Vishwakarma DK, Singh N. \n                    COVID-19 and its impact on education, social life and mental health of students: A survey. \n                    Child Youth Serv Rev  \n                    2021; \n                    121\n                    : 105866.","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."}],"container-title":["Clinical Practice &amp; Epidemiology in Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com\/contents\/volumes\/V18\/e174501792203210\/e174501792203210.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com\/contents\/volumes\/V18\/e174501792203210\/e174501792203210.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com\/contents\/volumes\/V18\/e174501792203210\/e174501792203210.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T10:38:22Z","timestamp":1661337502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com\/VOLUME\/18\/ELOCATOR\/e174501792203210\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/17450179-v18-e2203210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-0179"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-0179","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"0000-0001-6376-8269","URL":"0000-0001-6376-8269","order":0,"name":"orcid","label":"ORCID","group":{"name":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers"}},{"value":"0000-0002-7049-0960","URL":"0000-0002-7049-0960","order":0,"name":"orcid","label":"ORCID","group":{"name":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers"}},{"value":"0000-0002-4389-9322","URL":"0000-0002-4389-9322","order":0,"name":"orcid","label":"ORCID","group":{"name":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers"}},{"value":"0000-0001-7053-8031","URL":"0000-0001-7053-8031","order":0,"name":"orcid","label":"ORCID","group":{"name":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers"}},{"value":"0000-0001-9392-0604","URL":"0000-0001-9392-0604","order":0,"name":"orcid","label":"ORCID","group":{"name":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers"}},{"value":"0000-0002-1029-1783","URL":"0000-0002-1029-1783","order":0,"name":"orcid","label":"ORCID","group":{"name":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers"}},{"value":"0000-0001-5413-1733","URL":"0000-0001-5413-1733","order":0,"name":"orcid","label":"ORCID","group":{"name":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers"}},{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2021-6-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-23","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e174501792203210"}}