{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:27:49Z","timestamp":1780590469311,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383177600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CPEMH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common and debilitating anxiety disorders. However, few studies had been dedicated to the neurobiology underlying SAD until the last decade. Rates of non-responders to standard methods of treatment remain unsatisfactorily high of approximately 25%, including SAD. Advances in our understanding of SAD could lead to new treatment strategies. A potential non invasive therapeutic option is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Thus, we reported two cases of SAD treated with rTMS Methods: The bibliographical search used Pubmed\/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge and Scielo databases. The terms chosen for the search were: anxiety disorders, neuroimaging, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Results: In most of the studies conducted on anxiety disorders, except SAD, the right prefrontal cortex (PFC), more specifically dorsolateral PFC was stimulated, with marked results when applying high-rTMS compared with studies stimulating the opposite side. However, according to the \u201cvalence hypothesis\u201d, anxiety disorders might be characterized by an interhemispheric imbalance associated with increased right-hemispheric activity. With regard to the two cases treated with rTMS, we found a decrease in BDI, BAI and LSAS scores from baseline to follow-up. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the application of low-rTMS over the right medial PFC (mPFC; the main structure involved in SAD circuitry) combined with high-rTMS over the left mPFC, for at least 4 weeks on consecutive weekdays, may induce a balance in brain activity, opening an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of SAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901309010180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]],"date-time":"2013-11-11T05:42:40Z","timestamp":1384148560000},"page":"180-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder: Case Reports and a Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fl\u00e1via","family":"Paes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tathiana","family":"Baczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Novaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamires","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Arias-Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Budde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Huston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Ferreira","family":"Almada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Cardoso","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.02.028","volume":"34","author":"Freitas-Ferrari MC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freitas-Ferrari MC, Hallak JE, Trzesniak C, et al. \n                    Neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder:  a systematic review of the literature \n                    Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry  \n                    2010; \n                    34\n                    : 565-80.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"refR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.515","volume":"327","author":"Schneier FR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schneier FR. \n                    Social anxiety disorder \n                    BMJ  \n                    2003; \n                    327\n                    : 515-6.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"refR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1111","volume":"67","author":"Stein MB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stein MB. \n                    An epidemiologic perspective on social anxiety disorder \n                    J Clin Psychiatry  \n                    2006; \n                    67\n                    : 3-8.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"refR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014162","volume":"249","author":"Bell CJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bell CJ, Malizia AL, Nutt DJ. \n                    The neurobiology of social phobia \n                    Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci  \n                    1999; \n                    249\n                    ( Suppl 1)\n                    :  S11-8.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"refR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462009000400002","volume":"31","author":"Crippa JAS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crippa JAS. \n                    Does social phobia remain the \u2018Ugly Duckling\u2019 of anxiety disorders? 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