{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:26:09Z","timestamp":1784129169719,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418947200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CPEMH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Etiology of depressive disorders is still unknown. Several factors are involved in its pathophysiology such as neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine alterations, genetics, life events and their appraisal. Some of these components are strictly linked. Subjects with a family member affected by mood disorders are more prone to suffer from depressive disorders. It is also true that receiving feedbacks of indifference or neglect during childhood from one parent who suffer from depression may represent a factor of vulnerability. Indeed, reaction to a specific negative event may determine an increased allostasis which lead to a depressive episode. Thus, a psychological cause does not exclude a neurobiological cascade. Whereas in other cases recurrent depressive episodes appear in absence of any negative life event. This review provides a set of data regarding the current etiopathogenesis models of depression, with a particular attention to the neurobiological correlates and vulnerability factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901410010166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]],"date-time":"2014-12-29T09:29:07Z","timestamp":1419845347000},"page":"166-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Ethiopathogenesis of Depressive Disorders"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","unstructured":"Klibansky R, Panofsky E, Saxl F, Eds. Saturn and Melancholy Studies in the history of natural philosophy, religion and art. Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd London. 1990."},{"key":"refR2","unstructured":"Tellenbach H, Ed. Melancolia, Il. Pensiero Scientifico Editore Roma. 1975."},{"key":"refR3","first-page":"336","volume":"1","author":"Nemeroff CB","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nemeroff CB. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hy-pothesis of depression new findings and new directions. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1 : 336-42.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00159-7","volume":"23","author":"Holsboer F","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holsboer F. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depres-sion. Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 23 : 477-501.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"refR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01088-X","volume":"49","author":"Pariante CM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pariante CM, Miller AH. Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49 : 391-404.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR6","first-page":"811","volume":"15","author":"Pariante CM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pariante CM. Depression, stress and the adrenal axis. J Neu-roendocrinol 2003; 15 : 811-2.","journal-title":"J Neu-roendocrinol."},{"key":"refR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.01.009","volume":"65","author":"Pasquini M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pasquini M, Speca A, Mastroeni S, Delle CR, Sternberg CN, Biondi M. Differences in depressive thoughts between major depressive disorder, IFN- alpha- induced depression and de-pressive disorders among cancer patients. J Psychosom Res 2008; 65 : 153-6.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"refR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0106","volume":"66","author":"Raison CL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raison CL, Borisov AS, Broadwell SD , et al. Depression during pegylated interferon-alfa plus ribavirin therapy preva-lence and prediction. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66 : 41-8.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000872","volume":"6","author":"Maes M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maes M, Bonaccorso S, Marino V , et al. Treatment with inter-feron-alpha (IFNa) of hepatitis-C patients induces lower se-rum dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity, which is related to IFNa-induced depressive and anxiety symptoms and immune acti-vation. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6 : 475-80.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0879(200007)7:3<174::AID-CPP236>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"7","author":"Gilbert P","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gilbert P. The relationship of shame, social anxiety and de-pression The role of the evaluation of social rank. Clin Psy-chol Psychother 2000; 7 : 174-89.","journal-title":"Clin Psy-chol Psychother."},{"key":"refR11","first-page":"574","volume":"8","author":"Anguelova M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anguelova M, Benkelfat C, Turecki G. A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter I. Affective disorders Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8 : 574-91.","journal-title":"Affective disorders. Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"refR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170048007","volume":"52","author":"Kendler KS","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Walters EE, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women Phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bulimia, major depression, and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52 : 374-83.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200409000-00001","volume":"14","author":"Lotrich FE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lotrich FE, Pollock BG. Meta-analysis of serotonin trans-porter polymorphisms and affective disorders. Psychiatr Genet 2004; 14 : 121-9.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet."},{"key":"refR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.02.006","volume":"55","author":"Lin PY","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lin PY, Tsai G. Association between serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism and suicide Results of a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55 : 1023-30.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002727","volume":"35","author":"Gillespie NA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gillespie NA, Whitfield JB, Williams B, Heath AC, Martin NG. The relationship between stressful life events, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and major depression. Psychol Med 2005; 35 : 101-1.","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"refR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500106","volume":"2","author":"Hahn MK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hahn MK, Blakely RD. Monoamine transporter gene structure and polymorphisms in relation to psychiatric and other com-plex disorders. Pharmacogenomics J 2002; 2 : 217-35.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"refR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001525","volume":"9","author":"Zill P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zill P, Baghai TC, Zwanzger P , et al. SNP and haplotype anal-ysis of a novel tryptophan hydroxylase isoform (TPH2):gene provide evidence for association with major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9 (11) : 1030-6.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.02.005","volume":"111","author":"Lenze EJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lenze EJ, Shardell M, Ferrell RE , et al. Association of seroto-nin-1A and 2A receptor promoter polymorphisms with de-pressive symptoms and functional recovery in elderly per-sons after hip fracture. J Affect Disord 2008; 111 (1) : 61-.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"refR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00005-7","volume":"109","author":"Karege F","year":"2002","unstructured":"Karege F, Perret G, Bondolfi G, Schwald M, Bertschy G, Au-bry JM. Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in major depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2002; 109 : 143-8.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"refR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.06.048","volume":"168C","author":"Arias B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arias B, Fabbri C, Serretti A , et al. DISC1-TSNAX and DAOA genes in major depression and citalopram efficacy. J Affect Disord 2014; 168C : 91-7.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"refR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2012_225","volume":"14","author":"Hodgson K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hodgson K, McGuffin P. The genetic basis of depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013; 14 : 81-99.","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"refR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30987","volume":"153B","author":"Maher BS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maher BS, Hughes HB, Zubenko WN, Zubenko GS. Genetic linkage of region containing the CREB1 gene to depressive disorders infamilies with recurrent, early-onset, major de-pression a re-analysis and confirmation of sex-specific ef-fect. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B (1) : 106.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet."},{"key":"refR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1086\/379978","volume":"73","author":"Abkevich V","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abkevich V, Camp NJ, Hensel CH , et al. Predisposition locus for major depression at chromosome 12q22-12q23. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73 (6) : 1271-81.","journal-title":". Am J Hum Genet."},{"key":"refR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2014.03.016","volume":"426","author":"Pe\u00f1a CJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a CJ, Bagot RC, Labont\u00e9 B, Nestler EJ. Epigenetic Signal-ing in Psychiatric Disorders. J Mol Biol 2014; 426 (20) : 3389-412.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol."},{"key":"refR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.06.036","volume":"275C","author":"Ign\u00e1cio ZM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ign\u00e1cio ZM, R\u00e9us GZ, Abelaira HM, Quevedo J. Epigenetic and epistatic interactions between serotonin transporter and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genetic polymorphism In-sights in depression. Neurosci 2014; 275C : 455-68.","journal-title":"Neurosci."},{"key":"refR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-13-17","volume":"13","author":"Kovacs D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kovacs D, Gonda X, Petschner P. Antidepressant treatment response is modulated by genetic and environmental factors and their interactions. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2014; 13 : 17.","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00653-0","volume":"34","author":"Nestler EJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Eisch AJ, Gold SJ, Monteg-gia LM. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron 2002; 34 (1) : 13-25.","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"refR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.041","volume":"69","author":"Murray EA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murray EA, Wise SP, Drevets WC. Localization of dysfunc-tion in major depressive disorder prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69 (12) : e43-54.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.01.008","volume":"51","author":"Arnsten AF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arnsten AF, Rubia K. Neurobiological circuits regulating at-tention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion disrup-tions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51 (4) : 356-67.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR30","first-page":"e02","volume":"71","author":"Gelenberg AJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gelenberg AJ. Depression symptomatology and neurobiology. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71 (1) : e02.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"refR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.198","volume":"37","author":"Li X","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li X, Frye MA, Shelton RC. Review of pharmacological treatment in mood disorders and future directions for drug development. Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 37 (1) : 77-101.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"refR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1932-6","volume":"212","author":"Philip NS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Philip NS, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Price LH. Nicotinic ace-tylcholine receptors and depression a review of the preclini-cal and clinical literature. Psychopharmacol 2010; 212 (1) : 1-12.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"refR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.08.040","volume":"62","author":"M\u00f6hler H","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00f6hler H. The GABA system in anxiety and depression and its therapeutic potential. Neuropharmacol 2012; 62 (1) : 42-53.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacol."}],"container-title":["Clinical Practice &amp; Epidemiology in Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com\/contents\/volumes\/V10\/CPEMH-10-166\/CPEMH-10-166.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com\/contents\/volumes\/V10\/CPEMH-10-166\/CPEMH-10-166.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com\/contents\/volumes\/V10\/CPEMH-10-166\/CPEMH-10-166.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T05:17:05Z","timestamp":1717651025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com\/VOLUME\/10\/PAGE\/166\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]]}},"alternative-id":["CPEMH-10-166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1745017901410010166","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-0179"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-0179","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2014-7-2","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-8-9","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-8-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-12-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}