{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:42:53Z","timestamp":1791272573856,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CPEMH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Acute administration of caffeine produces panic attacks in most Panic Disorder (PD) patients, but little is known about chronic caffeine use in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n \n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To assess caffeine use in patients with PD and to ascertain if caffeine consumption is associated with sociodemographic or clinical features.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n 65 adults with PD and 66 healthy controls were included in the current study. Their caffeine intake within the previous week was quantified with a questionnaire and compared. Harmful caffeine use was defined as consumption above 400 mg\/day of caffeine. We tested for correlations between caffeine intake, demographic and clinical features.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Patients consumed significantly more caffeine than controls (P < 0.001). 14% (N = 9) of the PD patients made harmful use of caffeine. The use of caffeine-containing medications was observed in 40% (N = 26) of the PD patients and 6% (N = 4) of controls. Consumption of energy drinks was observed in 11% (N = 7) of PD patients and in none of the healthy subjects. Patients reported sleeping significantly less than controls (P < 0.001). In PD patients, caffeine consumption was not correlated with the presence of panic attacks or comorbidity with depression. The use of benzodiazepines or sedative medications was not correlated with caffeine intake.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n High caffeine consumption in PD patients could be explained by the development of tolerance with regular use of this substance. Subtypes of sensitive and non-sensitive PD patients could also explain why some of these patients are able to tolerate high doses of caffeine.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901915010120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T05:47:08Z","timestamp":1570772828000},"page":"120-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Panic Disorder and Chronic Caffeine Use: A Case-control Study"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Veruska Andrea","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Hoirisch-Clapauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Christophe","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. \n \n Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.\n \n \n \n 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00203-1","volume":"44","author":"Bourin M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bourin M, Baker GB, Bradwejn J. \n Neurobiology of panic disorder. \n J Psychosom Res \n 1998; \n 44\n (1)\n : 163-80.","journal-title":"J. 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