{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T21:07:50Z","timestamp":1774127270222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNSAMC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain is the most sensitive organ, whereas brainstem is the most important part of Central Nervous System (CNS). It connects the brain and the spinal cord. However, a myriad of drugs and chemicals affects CNS with severe resultant effects on the brainstem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In view of this, a number of literature were assessed for information on the most sensitive part of brain, drugs and chemicals that act on the brainstem and clinical benefit and risk assessment of such drugs and chemicals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings have shown that brainstem regulates heartbeat, respiration and because it connects the brain and spinal cord, all the drugs that act on the spinal cord may overall affect the systems controlled by the spinal cord and brain. The message is sent and received by temporal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe and cerebellum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hence, the chemical functional groups of the brainstem and drugs acting on brainstem are complementary, and may produce either stimulation or depression of CNS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1871524919666190620164355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T13:20:11Z","timestamp":1561123211000},"page":"180-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chemistry and Effects of Brainstem Acting Drugs"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Saganuwan Alhaji","family":"Saganuwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.006","volume":"31","author":"Angeles-Fernandez-Gil M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Angeles-Fernandez-Gil M.; Palacio-Bote R; OLeo- Barahona, M.; Mora-Encinas, J.P. Anatomy of brainstem: A gaze into the stem. Semin Ultras CT MR 2010,31(3),196-219","journal-title":"Semin Ultras CT MR"},{"key":"ref=2","first-page":"266","volume":"19","author":"Resenbloom M.J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Resenbloom M.J.; Pfefferbaum A.; Sullnan E.V.; Structural brain alterations associated with alcoholism. Alcohol Healt Res World 1995,19,266-272","journal-title":"Alcohol Healt Res World"},{"key":"ref=3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.832","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Leary D.S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary D.S.; Block R.I.; Koeppel J.A.; Schultz S.K.; Magnotta V.A.; Ponto L.B.; Watkins G.L.; Hichwa R.D.; Effects of smoking marijuana on focal attention and brain blood flow. Hum Psychopharmacol 2007,22(3),135-148","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00625.x","volume":"32","author":"Weitlauf C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weitlauf C.; Woodward J.J.; Ethanol selectively attenuates NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission in the prefrontal cortex. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008,32(4),690-698","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref=5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.28466","volume":"121","author":"Van Sickle M.D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Sickle M.D.; Oland L.D.; Ho W.; Hillard C.J.; Mackie K.; Davison J.S.; Sharkey K.A.; Cannabinoids inhibit emesis through CB1 receptors in the brainstem of the ferret. Gastroenterology 2001,121(4),767-774","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3480-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"Gili T.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gili T.; Saxena N.; Diukova A.; Murphy K.; Hall J.E.; Wise R.G.; The thalamus and brainstem act as key hubs in alterations of human brain network connectivity induced by mild propofol sedation. J Neurosci 2013,33(9),4024-4031","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref=7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.6.2020","volume":"84","author":"Shannon R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shannon R.; Baekey D.M.; Morris K.F.; Lindsey B.G.; Ventrolateral medullary respiratory network and a model of cough motor pattern generation. J Appl Physiol 1998,84(6),2020-2035","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79842-2_10","volume":"187","author":"Bolser D.C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bolser D.C.; Central mechanisms II: Pharmacology of brainstem pathways. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009,187(187),203-217","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.238S","volume":"129","author":"Bolser D.C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bolser D.C.; Cough suppressant and pharmacologic protussive therapy: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006,129(Suppl. 1),238S-249S","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref=10","author":"Trepanier L.A.","unstructured":"Trepanier L.A.; Maropitan: Novel antiemetic. In: Clin Brief, 2015, pp. 75-77."},{"key":"ref=11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495;200060030-00002","volume":"60","author":"Diemunsch P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Diemunsch P.; Gr\u00e9lot L.; Potential of substance P antagonists as antiemetics. Drugs 2000,60(3),533-546","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref=12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00015","volume":"11","author":"Venkatraman A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venkatraman A.; Edlow B.L.; Yang M.H.I.; The brainstem in emotion: A review. Front Neuroanat 2017,11(15),1-12","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"ref=13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007","volume":"27","author":"Seeley W.W.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seeley W.W.; Menon V.; Schatzberg A.F.; Keller J.; Glover G.H.; Kenna H.; Reiss A.L.; Greicius M.D.; Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J Neurosci 2007,27(9),2349-2356","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref=14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.03.006","volume":"37","author":"Hermans E.J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hermans E.J.; Henckens M.J.; Jo\u00ebls M.; Fern\u00e1ndez G.; Dynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors. Trends Neurosci 2014,37(6),304-314","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref=15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.12.009","volume":"35","author":"Coenen V.A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coenen V.A.; Schlaepfer T.E.; Maedler B.; Panksepp J.; Cross-species affective functions of the medial forebrain bundle-implications for the treatment of affective pain and depression in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011,35(9),1971-1981","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref=16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.323115115","volume":"32","author":"Tamrazi B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamrazi B.; Almast J.; Your brain on drugs: Imaging of drug-related changes in the central nervous system. Radiographic 2012,32(3),701-719","journal-title":"Radiographic"},{"key":"ref=17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(85)90111-0","volume":"14","author":"Feldberg W.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Feldberg W.; Pyke D.; Stubbs W.A.; Hyperglycaemia: Imitating Claude Bernard\u2019s piq\u00fbre with drugs. J Auton Nerv Syst 1985,14(3),213-228","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref=18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.16393","volume":"5","author":"Cedernaes J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cedernaes J.; Bass J.; Decoding obesity in the brainstem. eLife 2016,5,1-3","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref=19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105816","volume":"365","author":"Sumithran P.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sumithran P.; Prendergast L.A.; Delbridge E.; Purcell K.; Shulkes A.; Kriketos A.; Proietto J.; Long-term persistence of hormone adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med 2011,365,1597-1604","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref=20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12225","volume":"5","author":"D\u2019Agostino G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino G.; Lyons D.J.; Cristiano C.; Burke L.K.; Madara J.C.; Campbell J.N.; Garcia A.P.; Land B.B.; Lowell B.B.; Dileone R.J.; Heisler L.K.; Appetite controlled by a cholecystokinin nucleus of the solitary tract to hypothalamus neurocircuit. eLife 2016,5","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref=21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.12.001","volume":"36","author":"Adan R.A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adan R.A.; Mechanisms underlying current and future anti-obesity drugs. Trends Neurosci 2013,36(2),133-140","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref=22","first-page":"90","volume":"78","author":"Weich T.M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weich T.M.; Tochetto T.M.; Seligman L.; Brain stem evoked response audiometry of former drug users. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed) 2012,78(5),90-96","journal-title":"Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"ref=23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1966.24.3.0629","volume":"24","author":"Alem\u00e0 G.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Alem\u00e0 G.; Perria L.; Rosadini G.; Rossi G.F.; Zattoni J.; Functional inactivation of the human brain stem related to the level of consciousness. Intravertebral injection of barbiturate. J Neurosurg 1966,24(3),629-639","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref=24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1183","volume":"143","year":"2013","unstructured":"de oliveira-Maul J.P.; de Carvalho, H.B.; Goto, D.M.; Maia, R.M.; Flo, G.; Barnabe, V.; Franco, D.R.; Benabou, S.; Pettacini, M.R.; Jacob-Filho, W.; Saldiva, P.H.N.; Lorenzi \u2013 Fillo, G.; Rubin, B.K.; Nakagawa, N.K. Aging, diabetes and hypertension are associated with decreased nasal mucocilliary clearance. Chest 2013,143(4),1091-1097","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref=25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200506000-00009","volume":"329","author":"Bestermann W.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bestermann W.; Houston M.C.; Basile J.; Egan B.; Ferrario C.M.; Lackland D.; Hawkins R.G.; Reed J.; Rogers P.; Wise D.; Moore M.A.; Addressing the global cardiovascular risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and the metabolic syndrome in the southeastern United States, part II: Treatment recommendations for management of the global cardiovascular risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2005,329(6),292-305","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref=26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1988.tb01079.x","volume":"5","author":"Cooper P.L.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cooper P.L.; Wahlqvist M.L.; Simpson R.W.; Sucrose versus saccharin as an added sweetener in non-insulin-dependent diabetes: Short- and medium-term metabolic effects. Diabet Med 1988,5(7),676-680","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref=27","first-page":"131","volume":"4","author":"Berecek K.H.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Berecek K.H.; Barron K.W.; Webb R.L.; Brody M.J.; Vasopressin-central nervous system interactions in the development of DOCA hypertension. Hypertension 1982,4(3 Pt 2),131-137","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref=28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii9","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.045732","volume":"75","author":"Enevoldson T.P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Enevoldson T.P.; Recreational drugs and their neurological consequences. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004,75(Suppl. 3),iii9-iii15","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref=29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.64.1.108","volume":"64","author":"Reis D.J.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Reis D.J.; Fuxe K.; Brain norepinephrine: evidence that neuronal release is essential for sham rage behavior following brainstem transection in cat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1969,64(1),108-112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=30","author":"Aaapro M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aaapro M.; Jordan K.; Feyer P.; Pathophysiology of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting 2015","journal-title":"Pathophysiology of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting"},{"key":"ref=31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15618131","volume":"9","author":"Singh P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh P.; Yoon S.S.; Kuo B.; Nausea: A review of pathophysiology and therapeutics. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016,9(1),98-112","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref=32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.10.007","volume":"203","author":"Kenward H.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kenward H.; Pelligand L.; Savary-Bataille K.; Elliott J.; Nausea: Current knowledge of mechanisms, measurement and clinical impact. Vet J 2015,203(1),36-43","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref=33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1179573517726335","volume":"9","author":"Prieto G.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prieto G.A.; Abnormalities of dopamine D3 receptor signaling in the diseased brain. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2017,9,1-8","journal-title":"J Cent Nerv Syst Dis"},{"key":"ref=34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6004","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0820","volume":"147","author":"Ao Y.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ao Y.; Go V.L.W.; Toy N.; Li T.; Wang Y.; Song M.K.; Reeve J.R.; Liu Y.; Yang H.; Brainstem thyrotropin-releasing hormone regulates food intake through vagal-dependent cholinergic stimulation of ghrelin secretion. Endocrinology 2006,147(12),6004-6010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref=35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2005.02.012","volume":"27","author":"Julu P.O.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Julu P.O.; Witt Engerstr\u00f6m I.; Assessment of the maturity-related brainstem functions reveals the heterogeneous phenotypes and facilitates clinical management of Rett syndrome. Brain Dev 2005,27(Suppl. 1),S43-S53","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"ref=36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12083","volume":"1279","author":"Stein P.S.G.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stein P.S.G.; Molecular, genetic, cellular, and network functions in the spinal cord and brainstem. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013,1279,1-12","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref=37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120786","volume":"10","author":"Weise D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weise D.; Adamidis M.; Pizzolato F.; Rumpf J.J.; Fricke C.; Classen J.; Assessment function with circular brand of vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Plos One 2015,10(4)","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"ref=38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00023-X","volume":"63","author":"Sato Y.M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sato Y.M.; Sato K.; Kamino K.; Optical approaches to embryonic development of neural functions in the brainstem. Prog Neurobiol 2001,63(2),151-197","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref=39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.001","volume":"27","author":"Popelar J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Popelar J.; Groh D.; Pel\u00e1nov\u00e1 J.; Canlon B.; Syka J.; Age-related changes in cochlear and brainstem auditory functions in Fischer 344 rats. Neurobiol Aging 2006,27(3),490-500","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"ref=40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.1.3","volume":"64","author":"Jacquin M.F.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jacquin M.F.; Wiegand M.R.; Renehan W.E.; Structure-function relationships in rat brain stem subnucleus interpolaris. VIII. Cortical inputs. J Neurophysiol 1990,64(1),3-27","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref=41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nj7663-369a","volume":"547","author":"Reardon S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reardon S.; Brainstem cells rejuvenate mice. Nature 2017,547,369","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref=42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2444","volume":"7","author":"Sanger G.J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanger G.J.; Lee K.; Hormones of the gut-brain axis as targets for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008,7(3),241-254","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref=43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2013.09.006","volume":"13","author":"Trapp S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trapp S.; Richards J.E.; The gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 produced in brain: Is this physiologically relevant? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013,13(6),964-969","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4009-2","volume":"273","author":"Prabhu P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prabhu P.; Banerjee N.; Anil A.; Abdulla A.; Role of sex hormones produced during menstrual cycle on brainstem encoding of speech stimulus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016,273(11),3647-3650","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref=45","first-page":"36","volume":"16","author":"Jafari Z.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jafari Z.; Ahmadi P.; Ashayeri H.; Zarandi M.M.; Cochlear responses and auditory brainstem response functions in adults with auditory neuropathy idye-synchrony and individuals with normal hearing. Audit Vestibul Res 2007,16(1),36-46","journal-title":"Audit Vestibul Res"},{"key":"ref=46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-018-1247-y","volume":"55","author":"Yang Z.Y.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Z.Y.; Chen X.Q.; Sun D.; Wei D.; Mortality in children with severe hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangxi, China. Indian Pediatr 2018,55(2),137-139","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref=47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.7123\/01.EJO.0000413494.24410.1f","volume":"28","author":"Samy K.L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samy K.L.; Osman D.M.; Selim M.H.; Mohamed R.A.; Communication skills, sensory integration functions and auditory brainstem: finding in a group of Egyptian children with autistic features. Egypt J Otolaryngol 2017,28,117-126","journal-title":"Egypt J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref=48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134525","volume":"54","author":"Wenthur C.J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wenthur C.J.; Gentry P.R.; Mathews T.P.; Lindsley C.W.; Drugs for allosteric sites on receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014,54,165-184","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref=49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.12.017","volume":"126","author":"de Natale E.R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Natale E.R.; Ginatempo F.; Paulus K.S.; Manca A.; Mercante B.; Pes G.M.; Agnetti V.; Tolu E.; Deriu F.; Paired neurophysiological and clinical study of the brainstem at different stages of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2015,126(10),1871-1878","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref=50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.057","volume":"126","author":"Pettorossi V.E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pettorossi V.E.; Panichi R.; Botti F.M.; Biscarini A.; Filippi G.M.; Schieppati M.; Long-lasting effects of neck muscle vibration and contraction on self-motion perception of vestibular origin. Clin Neurophysiol 2015,126(10),1886-1900","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref=51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.01.028","volume":"126","author":"Castellote J.M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castellote J.M.; Valls-Sol\u00e9 J.; The Start React effect in tasks requiring end-point accuracy. Clin Neurophysiol 2015,126(10),1879-1885","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref=52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.07.013","volume":"126","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9 J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valls-Sol\u00e9 J.; Neurophysiological studies of brainstem functions and reflexes: Publications from the Brainstem Society Meeting. Berlin, March 2014. Clin Neurophysiol 2015,126(10),1869-1870","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref=53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.06.055","volume":"135","author":"Zheng H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zheng H.; Patterson L.M.; Morrison C.; Banfield B.W.; Randall J.A.; Browning K.N.; Travagli R.A.; Berthoud H.R.; Melanin concentrating hormone innervation of caudal brainstem areas involved in gastrointestinal functions and energy balance. Neuroscience 2005,135(2),611-625","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref=54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00182.2004","volume":"289","author":"Von Wussow U.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Von Wussow U.; Klaus J.; Pagel H.; Is the renal production of erythropoietin controlled by the brainstem? Am J Endocrinol Metab 2005,289,82-86","journal-title":"Am J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref=55","author":"Hong Y.","unstructured":"Hong Y.; Sympathovagal imbalance in type 2 diabetes-role of brainstem thyrotropin-releasing hormone Available at; Intech","journal-title":"Sympathovagal imbalance in type 2 diabetes-role of brainstem thyrotropin-releasing hormone Available at; Intech"},{"key":"ref=56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.68.040504.094635","volume":"68","author":"Travagli R.A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Travagli R.A.; Hermann G.E.; Browning K.N.; Rogers R.C.; Brainstem circuits regulating gastric function. Annu Rev Physiol 2006,68,279-305","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref=57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4331-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"Zhan Q.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhan Q.; Buchanan G.F.; Motelow J.E.; Andrews J.; Vitkovskiy P.; Chen W.C.; Serout F.; Gummadavelli A.; Kundishora A.; Furman M.; Li W.; Bo X.; Richerson G.B.; Blumenfeld H.; Impaired serotonergic brainstem function during and after seizures. J Neurosci 2016,36(9),2711-2722","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref=58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/236894","volume":"2011","author":"Dobson S.D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dobson S.D.; Sherwood C.C.; Mosaic evolution of brainstem motor nuclei in catarrhine primates. Anat Res Int 2011,2011","journal-title":"Anat Res Int"},{"key":"ref=59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050041","volume":"5","author":"Gross L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gross L.; Diverse toxic chemicals disrupt cell function through a common path. Plos Biol 2007,5(2)","journal-title":"Plos Biol"},{"key":"ref=60","first-page":"963","volume":"50","author":"Mostil M.G.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mostil M.G.; Fossal P.; Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of novel N-substituted 1-amino-3-methyl (phenyl)-1H-indozol-4-yloxy) propan-2-ols interesting as potential antiarrythmic, local anesthetic and analgesic agent. Arzn. Forsch Drug Res 2000,50,963-972","journal-title":"Forsch Drug Res"},{"key":"ref=61","first-page":"144","volume":"6","author":"Kerzarea D.R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kerzarea D.R.; Khedekar P.B.; Indole derivatives acting on central nervous system-review. Pharmaceut Sci Biosci Res 2016,6(1),144-156","journal-title":"Pharmaceut Sci Biosci Res"},{"key":"ref=62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.022","author":"Chandler D.J.","unstructured":"Chandler D.J.; Evidence for a specialized role of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in cortical circuitries and behavioral operations Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 197-206","journal-title":"Evidence for a specialized role of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in cortical circuitries and behavioral operations Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 197-206"},{"key":"ref=63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.01.036","author":"Mejias-Aponte C.A.","unstructured":"Mejias-Aponte C.A.; Specificity and impact of adrenergic projections to the midbrain dopamine system Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 258-273","journal-title":"Specificity and impact of adrenergic projections to the midbrain dopamine system Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 258-273"},{"key":"ref=64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.024","author":"Berridge C.W.","unstructured":"Berridge C.W.; Spencer R.C.; Differential cognitive actions of norepinephrine alpha2 and alpha1 receptor signaling in the prefrontal cortex Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 189-196","journal-title":"Differential cognitive actions of norepinephrine alpha2 and alpha1 receptor signaling in the prefrontal cortex Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 189-196"},{"key":"ref=65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.021","author":"Bangasser D.A.","unstructured":"Bangasser D.A.; Wiersielis K.R.; Khantsis S.; Sex differences in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and its regulation by stress Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 177-188","journal-title":"Sex differences in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and its regulation by stress Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 177-188"},{"key":"ref=66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Salgado H.","unstructured":"Salgado H.; Trevi\u00f1o M.; Atzori M.; Layer- and area-specific actions of norepinephrine on cortical synaptic transmission. Brain Res., 2016, 1641(Pt B), 163-176.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.01.033"},{"key":"ref=67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.023","author":"Robertson S.D.","unstructured":"Robertson S.D.; Plummer N.W.; Jensen P.; Uncovering diversity in the development of central noradrenergic neurons and their efferents Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 234-244","journal-title":"Uncovering diversity in the development of central noradrenergic neurons and their efferents Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 234-244"},{"key":"ref=68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.12.010","author":"Zitnik G.A.","unstructured":"Zitnik G.A.; Control of arousal through neuropeptide afferents of the locus coeruleus Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 338-350","journal-title":"Control of arousal through neuropeptide afferents of the locus coeruleus Brain Res, 2016, 1641(Pt B), 338-350"},{"key":"ref=69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.11.016","volume":"82","author":"Pamphlett R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pamphlett R.; Uptake of environmental toxicants by the locus ceruleus: a potential trigger for neurodegenerative, demyelinating and psychiatric disorders. Med Hypotheses 2014,82(1),97-104","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref=70","first-page":"130","volume":"76","author":"Liu J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu J.; Lewis G.; Environmental toxicity and poor cognitive outcomes in children and adults. J Environ Health 2014,76(6),130-138","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"ref=71","author":"Wilding B.C.","unstructured":"Wilding B.C.; Curtis K.; Welker-Hood K.; Hazardous Chemicals in Health Care. A Snapshot of Chemicals on Doctors and Nurses, 2017, pp. 1-39."},{"key":"ref=72","first-page":"355","volume":"1","author":"Dailey J.W.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dailey J.W.; Sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs. Drug Affect Cent Nerv Syst 2005,1,355-363","journal-title":"Drug Affect Cent Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref=73","first-page":"1923","author":"Mendelson W.B.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mendelson W.B.; In: Neuropsychopharmacology; The Fifth Generation of Progress 2002,1923-1929","journal-title":"In: Neuropsychopharmacology; The Fifth Generation of Progress"},{"key":"ref=74","first-page":"589","author":"Pawson P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pawson P.; In: Madison, J; page, SW; Church, DB Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology 2008,589","journal-title":"In: Madison, J; page, SW; Church, DB Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref=75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-418679-8.00016-2","author":"Ciraulo D.A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ciraulo D.A.; Oldham M.; In: The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System 2014,624","journal-title":"In: The Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Nervous System"},{"key":"ref=76","author":"Quiqq M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quiqq M.; The normal waking electroencephalogram MSc Thesis, University of Pearl\u2019s 2006","journal-title":"The normal waking electroencephalogram MSc Thesis, University of Pearl\u2019s"},{"key":"ref=77","first-page":"1349","author":"Hoffman R.J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoffman R.J.; Sharma A.N.; In: Comprehensive Pediatric Hospital Medicine 2007,1349","journal-title":"In: Comprehensive Pediatric Hospital Medicine"},{"key":"ref=78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01338","volume":"9","author":"Niizeki K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niizeki K.; Saitoh T.; Association between phase coupling of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and slow wave brain activity during sleep. Front Physiol 2018,9,1338","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref=79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2582(97)80057-8","volume":"8","author":"Raines A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Raines A.; Hypnotics and anti-anxiety agents. Princip Med Biol 1997,8,623-640","journal-title":"Princip Med Biol"},{"key":"ref=80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617374114","volume":"114","author":"Haynes R.L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haynes R.L.; Frelinger A.L.; Giles E.K.; Goldstein R.D.; Tran H.; Kozakewich H.P.; Haas E.A.; Gerrits A.J.; Mena O.J.; Trachtenberg F-L.; Paterson D.S.; Berry G.T.; Adeli K.; Kinney H.C.; Michelson A.D.; High serum serotonin in sudden infant death syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2017,114(29),7695-7700","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref=81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-016-9770-4","volume":"12","author":"Smith C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith C.; Hippocampal abnormalities and sudden childhood death. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016,12(2),202-203","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"ref=82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-015-9698-0","volume":"11","author":"Vester M.E.M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vester M.E.M.; Bilo R.A.; Karst W.A.; Daams J.G.; Duijst W.L.J.M.; van Rijn R.R.; Subdural hematomas: Glutaric aciduria type 1 or abusive head trauma? A systematic review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015,11(3),405-415","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"ref=83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-015-9724-2","volume":"12","author":"Hefti M.M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hefti M.M.; Kinney H.C.; Ryan J.B.; Haas E.A.; Chadwick A.E.; Crandall L.A.; Trachtenberg F.L.; Armstrong D.D.; Graife M.; Kraus H.F.; Sudden unexpected death in early childhood: General observations in a series of 151 cases. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016,12,4-13","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"ref=84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9650-8","volume":"11","author":"Hunt C.E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hunt C.E.; Darnall R.A.; McEntire B.L.; Hyma B.A.; Assigning cause for sudden unexpected infant death. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015,11(2),283-288","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"ref=85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-018-0032-5","volume":"15","author":"Ikeda T.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ikeda T.; Tani N.; Aoki Y.; Shida A.; Morioka F.; Oritani S.; Ishikawa T.; Effects of postmortem positional changes on conjunctival petechiae. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019,15(1),13-22","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"}],"container-title":["Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/172900","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/172900\/article","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/172900","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T02:39:51Z","timestamp":1721443191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/172900\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871524919666190620164355","relation":{},"ISSN":["1871-5249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1871-5249","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2018-11-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-02","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-10-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}