{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T12:53:07Z","timestamp":1744203187462,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012021","name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9311165017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9311165017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IDDT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bacteria induced sepsis is common in infants and children. Staphylococcus\naureus produces numerous exotoxins, like staphylococcal Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-\n1), which stimulate the immune system by T cell activation and inflammation in various organs. Recent\nstudies suggest that staphylococcal toxins, generally named super antigens (SAgs), may also\nhave a significant role in the pathogenesis of some pediatric disorders especially in the clinical presentation\nof sepsis and septic shock. This study was carried out in order to compare staphylococcal\nTSST- 1 (SAgs) in children with sepsis symptoms (and septic shock) with negative blood culture\nversus a control group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Materials &amp; Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2 years (2014 -2016) in\ntwo referral hospitals (Rasoul Akram and Bahrami hospitals) in Tehran, Iran. We selected 44 children)\nmean age of 4 years) who were admitted in pediatrics and PICUs wards with sepsis symptoms-\n\/+septic shock. Forty-five children (mean age of 3.9 years) were selected as a control group. All\ncases with blood samples were examined for TSST-1 (SAgs) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\nmethod in both case and control groups and results were compared. Data were analyzed by\nSPSS-16software. Chi-square or Fisher test was used to compare the variables. P-value &lt; 0.05 was\nconsidered as a valuable tool.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Positive blood cultures with other bacteria, Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae,\nPseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, were detected in 5 cases with negative\nTSST-1 in blood samples. S.aureus isolated from blood culture was detected in 2 cases with positive\nTSST- 1.Positive TSST-1 (SAgs) was detected in 6 cases (14%) with negative blood culture for\nS.aureus; it was significantly higher in cases (14% vs. 2%; P value = 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study indicates the probable role of TSST-1(SAgs) in the progression of sepsis\n(and septic shock) in toxic children with negative blood culture for S.aureus. Anti-staphylococcal\ntreatment is immediately required, especially in toxic children with related clinical presentations,\neven in cases with negative blood cultures. Indeed, the clinical use against SAgs suppressants of\ndownstream cell-destructive events might be helpful.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526520666200731180641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T16:56:38Z","timestamp":1596214598000},"page":"187-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Searching the Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin -1 in Septic Children with negative Cultures: A Comparative Study in Tehran, Iran"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1656-2388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samileh","family":"Noorbakhsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Asghar","family":"Rabiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease; Pediatrics Department, Shahre kord University of Medical Sciences, Shahre kord, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Akbar","family":"Rahbarimanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Haghighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarvenaz","family":"Ashouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Iran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","first-page":"883","author":"Martin R.J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martin R.J.; Fanaroff A.A.; Walsh M.C.;  The Central Nervous System 2006,883-933","journal-title":"The Central Nervous System"},{"key":"ref=2","first-page":"734","author":"Ethan J.L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ethan J.L.; Dobbs K.;  Fanaroff and Martin\u2019s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 2015,734-751","journal-title":"Fanaroff and Martin\u2019s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine"},{"key":"ref=3","author":"Bone R.C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bone R.C.; Balk R.A.; Cerra F.B.; Dellinger R.P.; Fein A.M.; Knaus W.A.; Schein R.M.; Sibbald W.J.;  Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee 1992","journal-title":"Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2009\/v2i12.5","volume":"2","author":"Saravanan M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saravanan M.; Nanda A.; Incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from septicemia suspected children. Indian J Sci Technol 2009,2(12),36-39","journal-title":"Indian J Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref=5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2004.09.017","volume":"31","author":"White M.C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"White M.C.; Thornton K.; Young A.E.; Early diagnosis and treatment of toxic shock syndrome in paediatric burns. Burns 2005,31(2),193-197","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.154","volume":"9","author":"Standage S.W.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Standage S.W.; Wong H.R.; Biomarkers for pediatric sepsis and septic shock. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011,9(1),71-79","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref=7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2010.181","volume":"10","author":"Hatzistilianou M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hatzistilianou M.; Diagnostic and prognostic role of procalcitonin in infections. Sci World J 2010,10,1941-1946","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pis099","volume":"1","author":"Downes K.J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Downes K.J.; Shah S.S.; Biomarkers in infectious diseases. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2012,1(4),343-346","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"ref=9","unstructured":"Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th; Ryan, K.J.; Ray, C.G., Eds.; McGraw Hill, 2004."},{"key":"ref=10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","volume":"5","author":"Wertheim H.F.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wertheim H.F.; Melles D.C.; Vos M.C.; van Leeuwen W.; van Belkum A.; Verbrugh H.A.; Nouwen J.L.; The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2005,5(12),751-762","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref=11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00052","volume":"2","author":"Xu S.X.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu S.X.; McCormick J.K.; Staphylococcal superantigens in colonization and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012,2,52","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref=12","first-page":"370","volume":"4","author":"Ryan K.J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ryan K.J.; Ray C.G.;  Medical microbiology 2004,4,370","journal-title":"Medical microbiology"},{"key":"ref=13","first-page":"13","volume":"53","author":"Holtfreter S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holtfreter S.; Br\u00f6ker B.M.; Staphylococcal superantigens: do they play a role in sepsis? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2005,53(1),13-27","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"ref=14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11030178","volume":"11","author":"Krakauer T.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krakauer T.; Staphylococcal superantigens: pyrogenic toxins induce toxic shock. Toxins (Basel) 2019,11(3),178","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"ref=15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62731-7","volume":"84","author":"Taskapan M.O.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Taskapan M.O.; Kumar P.; Role of staphylococcal superantigens in atopic dermatitis: from colonization to inflammation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000,84(1),3-10","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref=16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282f4178f","volume":"8","author":"Bachert C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bachert C.; Zhang N.; Patou J.; van Zele T.; Gevaert P.; Role of staphylococcal superantigens in upper airway disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008,8(1),34-38","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref=17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32833cf051","volume":"22","author":"Yeung R.S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yeung R.S.; Kawasaki disease: update on pathogenesis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010,22(5),551-560","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref=18","first-page":"19","author":"Merriman J.A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Merriman J.A.; Schlievert P.M.;  Identification, Purification, and Characterization of Staphylococcal Superantigens InSuperantigens 2016,19-33","journal-title":"Identification, Purification, and Characterization of Staphylococcal Superantigens InSuperantigens"},{"key":"ref=19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46162-0","volume":"55","author":"El-Ghodban A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"El-Ghodban A.; Ghenghesh K.S.; M\u00e1rialigeti K.; Esahli H.; Tawil A.; PCR detection of toxic shock syndrome toxin of Staphylococcus aureus from Tripoli, Libya. J Med Microbiol 2006,55(Pt 2),179-182","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref=20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352008000200004","volume":"60","author":"Chapaval L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chapaval L.; Moon D.H.; Gomes J.E.; Duarte F.R.; Tsai S.M.; An alternative method for Staphylococcus aureus DNA isolation. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2008,60(2),299-306","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"key":"ref=21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v004a04","volume":"4","author":"Harris L.G.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harris L.G.; Foster S.J.; Richards R.G.; An introduction to Staphylococcus aureus, and techniques for identifying and quantifying S. aureus adhesins in relation to adhesion to biomaterials: review. Eur Cell Mater 2002,4(3),39-60","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"ref=22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S125429","volume":"6","author":"Krakauer T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krakauer T.; FDA-approved immunosuppressants targeting staphylococcal superantigens: mechanisms and insights. ImmunoTargets Ther 2017,6,17-29","journal-title":"ImmunoTargets Ther"},{"key":"ref=23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010630","volume":"97","author":"Mahallei M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahallei M.; Rezaee M.A.; Mehramuz B.; Beheshtirooy S.; Abdinia B.; Clinical symptoms, laboratory, and microbial patterns of suspected neonatal sepsis cases in a children\u2019s referral hospital in northwestern Iran. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018,97(25)","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref=24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227570","volume":"15","author":"Akbarian-Rad Z.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akbarian-Rad Z.; Riahi S.M.; Abdollahi A.; Sabbagh P.; Ebrahimpour S.; Javanian M.; Vasigala V.; Rostami A.; Neonatal sepsis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis on national prevalence and causative pathogens. PLoS One 2020,15(1)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref=25","unstructured":"Gheybi, S.; Fakour, Z.; Karamyar, M.; Khashabi, J.; Ilkhanizadeh, B.; Asghari, S.F.; Mahmoudzadeh, H.; Majlesi, A.H. Coagulase negative staphylococcus, the most common cause of neonatal septicemia in Urmia, Iran. Iranian J. Pediatr., 2008."},{"key":"ref=26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.77216","volume":"14","author":"Shirvani F.","unstructured":"Shirvani F.; Seifi K.; Sanaei Dashti A.; SIRS Criteria for Sepsis Identification in Children. Does It Work? Arch Clin Infect Dis , e77216,14(5)","journal-title":"Arch Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref=27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.33220","volume":"11","author":"Rahimi F.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rahimi F.; Karimi S.; Characteristics of virulence factors in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a referral hospital in Tehran, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis 332202016,11(1)","journal-title":"Arch Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref=28","first-page":"793","volume":"70","author":"Noorbakhsh S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Noorbakhsh S.; Farhadi M.; Tabatabaei A.; Staphylococcal superantigens; toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and enterotoxins in pediatric otitis media effusion: a brief report. Tehran Univ Med J 2013,70(12),793-797","journal-title":"Tehran Univ Med J"},{"key":"ref=29","first-page":"452","volume":"70","author":"Sh J.N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sh J.N.; Gh G.; Superantigens in polyp tissue of patients with chronic rhino-sinusitis, a comparative study: a brief report. Med J TUMS Pub 2012,70(7),452-456","journal-title":"Med J TUMS Pub"},{"key":"ref=30","first-page":"12","volume":"27","author":"Noorbakhsh S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Noorbakhsh S.; Talebi-Taher M.; Tabatabaei A.; Identification of bacterial antigens and super antigens in synovial fluid of patients with arthritis: a cross sectional study. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2013,27(1),12-16","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"ref=31","first-page":"113","volume":"72","author":"Javadinia S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Javadinia S.; Asgarian R.; Noorbaksh S.; Soboti B.; Shokrollahi M.R.; Tabatabaee A.; Toxic shock syndrome toxin level in wound samples of hospitalized children with burn: a case control study. Tehran Univ Med J 2014,72(2),113-120","journal-title":"Tehran Univ Med J"}],"container-title":["Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/184456","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/184456\/article","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/184456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T14:27:03Z","timestamp":1634480823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/184456\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871526520666200731180641","relation":{},"ISSN":["1871-5265"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1871-5265"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2020-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-20","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}